Calcium Imaging in Mouse Superior Colliculus

Summary

This protocol details the procedure for imaging calcium responses in the superior colliculus (SC) of awake mice, including imaging single-neuron activity with two-photon microscopy while leaving the cortex intact in wild-type mice, and imaging the entire SC with wide-field microscopy in partial-cortex mutant mice.

Abstract

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the emergence of the cerebral cortex. It receives direct inputs from ~30 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with each encoding a specific visual feature. It remains elusive whether the SC simply inherits retinal features or if additional and potentially de novo processing occurs in the SC. To reveal the neural coding of visual information in the SC, we provide here a detailed protocol to optically record visual responses with two complementary methods in awake mice. One method uses two-photon microscopy to image calcium activity at single-cell resolution without ablating the overlaying cortex, while the other uses wide-field microscopy to image the whole SC of a mutant mouse whose cortex is largely undeveloped. This protocol details these two methods, including animal preparation, viral injection, headplate implantation, plug implantation, data acquisition, and data analysis. The representative results show that the two-photon calcium imaging reveals visually evoked neuronal responses at single-cell resolution, and the wide-field calcium imaging reveals neural activity across the entire SC. By combining these two methods, one can reveal the neural coding in the SC at different scales, and such combination can also be applied to other brain regions.

Introduction

The superior colliculus (SC) is an important visual center in all vertebrates. In mammals, it receives direct inputs from the retina and the visual cortex¹. While optical recording has been widely applied to the cortex^2,3,4,5, its application in the SC is hindered by poor optical accesss^{6,7,8,9,10,11,}

Protocol

All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the animal welfare guidelines and approved by the IACUC at the Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing.

NOTE: The timeline for this protocol is as follows: 1) make the suction cup; 2) inject the virus; 3) implant the headplate; 4) after 3 weeks, implant the plug; 5) after a ~3 day recovery and habituation on the treadmill, perform two-photon/wide-field imaging.

1. Preparation of a suction cup (Figure 1A)

1. Deposit a drop of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 1x) in an acrylic ....

Results

Figures 1A,B show how to make the suction cup and the plugs, respectively. Figure 2 shows how to implant the plug successfully. After implanting the plug, the posterior-medial SC is exposed, as shown in Figure 2D. Figure 3 shows calcium responses of SC neurons from an example wild-type mouse imaged using two-photon microscopy. The triangular prism, which is easily captured under the mic.......

Discussion

Critical steps in the protocol
The most critical step is the craniotomy in steps 5.2 and 5.3. First, the bone at 0.5 mm posterior to the lambda is thick and has blood vessels inside, which can cause bleeding during the drilling process. Adequate gel foam should be prepared to stop the bleeding. Second, there is a good chance of angiorrhexis when removing the bone just above the transverse sinus. For troubleshooting, one alternative approach is to thin the bone inside the oval and remove it piece by.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
16x objective	Nikon
50-mm lens	Computar	M5018-MP2
5-mm coverslip	Warner instruments	CS-5R
bandpass filter	Chroma Technology	HQ575/250 m-2p
butyl cyanoacrylate	Vetbond, World Precision Instruments
camera for monitoring pupil	FLIR	BFS-U3-04S2M-CS
camera for widefield imaging	Basler	acA2000-165µm
corona treater	Electro-Technic Products	BD-20AC
dichroic	Chroma Technology	T600/200dcrb
galvanometers	Cambridge Technology
glass bead sterilizer	RWD	RS1502
microdrill	RWD	78001
micromanipulator	Sutter Instruments	QUAD
photomultiplier tube	Hamamatsu	R3896
rotory encoder	USdigital	MA3-A10-125-N
self-curing dental adhesive resin cement	SuperBond C&B, Sun Medical Co, Ltd. Moriyama, Japan
thermostatic heating pad	RWD	69020
Ti:Sapphire laser	Spectra-Physics	Mai Tai HP DeepSee
translucent silicone adhesive	Kwik-Sil, World Precision Instruments
treadmill	Xinglin Biology
Virus Strains
rAAV2/9-hsyn-Gcamp6m	Vector Core at Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing
Animals
C57BL/6J wild type	Laboratory Animal Resource Center at Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing
Emx1-Cre	The Jackson Laboratory	5628
Pals1flox/wt	Christopher A. Walsh Lab
Software
ImageJ	NIH Image
Labview	National Instruments
MATLAB	Mathworks