The Isolation and Characterization of Low- and Normal- Density Neutrophils from Whole Blood

Summary

Here, we provide a reliable approach for isolating low- and normal-density neutrophils from whole blood using magnetic isolation (negative selection) and discontinuous density gradient medium. It ensures untouched isolation of high-purity cells (≥93%), facilitating accurate downstream analysis of neutrophil subpopulations, crucial for understanding their roles in health and disease.

Abstract

Emerging research shows that the circulating neutrophil population in humans consists of diverse subtypes and should not be studied as a single population, as has been done historically. In particular, low-density and normal-density neutrophils (LDNs, NDNs) have been shown to have functionally and metabolically distinct profiles, a factor that must be considered when publishing neutrophil research. Here, we present a modified method for the untouched isolation and separation of LDNs and NDNs from whole blood.

The density gradient medium (1.135 g/mL) is combined at 9:10 with 10x PBS. Specific density gradients of 55%, 70%, and 81% are subsequently made by combining the 100% density gradient medium with 1x phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Neutrophils isolated from 12 mL of peripheral whole blood obtained from consented donors using a negative selection-based magnetic isolation kit are resuspended in the 55% fraction. A volume of 3 mL of the 81% and 70% fractions is layered into a 15 mL tube, followed by the 55% fraction containing total neutrophils. The density gradients are then centrifuged at 720 x g for 30 min. Two distinct bands are obtained at the 55%/70% interface (LDNs) and 70%/81% interface (NDNs). The cells are carefully pipetted into separate tubes and washed using PBS. The purity of the isolated fractions is determined using flow cytometry. Both LDNs and NDNs were defined as CD14lo CD15+ SSChi by flow cytometry. Isolation purity was calculated at ≥93% of viable cells for both types.

This method provides a reliable and efficient approach for separating LDN and NDNs from peripheral blood, ensuring high purity and viability of the isolated cells. Enhancing the precision of neutrophil isolation facilitates more accurate downstream analyses of these distinct neutrophil subpopulations. These are critical for advancing our understanding of neutrophil heterogeneity and its implications in various physiological and pathological contexts.

Introduction

Neutrophils are granular immune cells and the most abundant leukocyte in peripheral blood, constituting about 50%-70% of leukocytes on average. They develop in the bone marrow from granulocyte-monocyte precursors (GMPs), which in turn develop from hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in the presence of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). At homeostasis, they have a lifespan of ~24 h, but studies have shown that their lifespan can be extended under specific physiological conditions and their associated microenvironments such as chronic immune activation¹, inflammation¹, and even tissue residency in steady stat....

Protocol

Blood samples were collected with informed consent from healthy participants. The study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of both St. James's Hospital and Tallaght University Hospital.

1. Preparation of density gradient medium, isotonic working solutions fractions and cell separation buffer

1. Preparation of isotonic working solutions from density gradient medium
   1. Preparation of Isotonic 100% working solution (~1.123 g/mL)
      1. To prepare the isotonic 100% working solution, combine 27 mL of density gradient medium with 3 mL of 10x PBS. This results in an isotonic solution ....

Results

The successful layering of total neutrophils over the density gradient medium can be observed in Figure 1B. Two distinct bands should be obtained. If mixing of the gradients occurs, or the number of total neutrophils layered per tube is high (greater than roughly 5-6 × 10⁶), the bands will look diffuse (Figure 1C), and the risk of the two neutrophil subtypes mixing increases significantly. To avoid the latter, we recommend layering up to 5-6 × 10^.......

Discussion

Here, we present an optimized method of splitting the total neutrophil population into low- density and normal-density neutrophils, together with phenotypic characterization of each cell type using flow cytometry adapted from previous methods⁵.

This protocol is based on the isolation of LDNs and NDNs from whole blood. A crucial step is that total neutrophils are isolated through negative selection methods. Positive selection methods involve the use of antibodies that bi.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
14 mL Polypropylene Round-Bottom Tube (17 x 100 mm)	Corning Science	352059
APC anti-human CD14 (63D3)	BioLegend	367118
Brilliant Violet 421 anti-human CD10 (25 tests)	BioLegend	312217
Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline	Sigma	D8537-1L
EasyEights EasySep Magnet	StemCell Technologies	#18103
EasySep Buffer (cell separation buffer)	StemCell Technologies	#20144
EasySep Direct Human Neutrophil Isolation Kit	StemCell Technologies	#19666
FcR Blocking Reagent, human	Miltenyi Biotec	130-059-901
FITC anti-human CD16 (3G8)	BioLegend	302005
OneComp eBeads Compensation Beads	eBioscience Inc.	01-1111-42
PE/Cy7 anti-human CD86 (BU63)	BioLegend	374209
PE/Dazzle 594 anti-human CD15 (SSEA-1)	BioLegend	323037
Phosphate-Buffered Saline Tablets	Gibco	18912-014
Zombie NIR Fixable Viability Kit	BioLegend	423105