This Methods Collection focuses on innovative approaches for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infectious and hematological diseases in children. Children are a high-risk or idiosyncratic population for many diseases. Diagnostic, prophylactic (e.g. vaccines, antibodies), and therapeutic (e.g. immunotherapy) studies of infectious, hematologic, critical illness, and immunodeficiency diseases are recommended.

(1) Children are more susceptible to pathogens (e.g. viruses, bacteria) and are more likely to present with severe clinical manifestations. Early and timely diagnosis of disease, prevention (especially vaccines that protect both mother and child), and treatment to improve disease in children are hot topics.

(2) Children are a high incidence group of hematological diseases. However, many hematological malignancies, congenital immunodeficiencies, and chronic diseases are poorly treated, and the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases have major challenges. The continuous innovation of immunotherapy in application and the development of innovative therapies are issues that need to be discussed urgently.