The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by filtering waste products, regulating blood pressure, and producing essential hormones. Chronic kidney disease and, in severe cases, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are significant public health concerns, with a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Despite the importance of understanding renal pathology and pathophysiology in the disease condition, research in this field has faced challenges.  

One major limitation is the complexity of the kidney's structure and function, which involves intricate interactions between various cell types, signaling pathways, and physiological processes. This complexity makes it difficult to untangle the underlying mechanisms of renal diseases and develop effective targeted therapies.  

Another limitation is the lack of suitable animal models that accurately recapitulate human renal pathologies. Many animal models fail to fully replicate the pathophysiological features and disease progression observed in humans, hindering the translation of preclinical findings into clinical settings.  

Besides, the limited regenerative capacity of kidney tissues has been a barrier to developing regenerative therapies. In addition, the traditional management of ESRD has relied on dialysis and kidney transplantation, which are invasive and costly.  

This Methods Collection aims to provide an overview of the latest research and developments in renal pathology, pathophysiology, and disease treatment. It highlights innovative methods and promising therapeutic strategies that address the current limitations in understanding and treating renal diseases.