Translation, the decoding of genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA) into a peptide by the ribosome and associated translation factors according to the genetic code, plays a central role in determining protein abundance and proteome composition across all organisms under normal physiological conditions, stress, and disease. Dysregulation of the translation process, as well as malfunction of the signaling cascades that control it, has emerged as a major contributor to numerous diseases. Consequently, targeting translation is now being explored as a therapeutic strategy in diverse pathological contexts.

This JoVE collection is dedicated to compiling state-of-the-art methods for studying and quantifying protein synthesis under various physiological conditions, including normal, stress, and disease states. Topics include the misexpression of translation factors, dysregulation of signaling pathways regulating translation, and the development or application of pharmacological compounds that target the translation machinery. This collection aims to support researchers, from undergraduate students to established investigators, across disciplines in exploring diverse aspects of the translation process.