Antigen Expression
Antigen Expression - Related Videos
04:29
Immunofluorescent Staining of Spheroids: A Technique to Analyze Spheroids for Expression of Intra- and Extracellular Antigen Expression
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2023
This video describes the technique of immunofluorescent staining of spheroids to understand the differentiation of the fibroblasts or CAFs. This protocol helps detect expression of intra- and extracellular antigens, including deposition of ECM proteins within the spheroids.
06:57
Development of an Antigen-driven Colitis Model to Study Presentation of Antigens by Antigen Presenting Cells to T Cells
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Cited by 9 •
2016
In this antigen-driven colitis model, OT-II CD4+ T cells expressing a red fluorescent protein were adoptively transferred into RAG-/- mice that express a green fluorescent protein in mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). The hosts were challenged with Escherichia coli (E.coli) expressing the ovalbumin protein (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP).
05:04
Viral Antigen Microarray Assay to Detect Antibody Isotypes in Serum Against Viral Antigen
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2025
In this video, we demonstrate the process for detecting antibody isotypes in multiple human serum samples using a microarray slide printed with antigenic subtypes of influenza virus strains.
08:32
Extraction of Tissue Antigens for Functional Assays
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2012
A simple protocol for preparing extracts of human tissue to be used as a source of antigens in functional T-cell assays is described. This method allows T-cell responses to tissue-derived antigens to be measured in vitro.
02:41
B Cell Activation on an Antigen-Coated Coverslip
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2025
This video demonstrates B cell activation in vitro. The process involves antigen interaction with B cell receptors, leading to cytoskeleton remodeling, immune synapse formation, lysosome movement, antigen internalization, processing, and subsequent presentation on MHC molecules for B cell activation.
FAQs
Intracellular proteins are first generated from antigen-encoding genes through transcription and translation. They can then be processed into smaller peptides, which are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex, or MHC, molecules. The resulting peptide-MHC complexes appear at the cell surface, creating a form that enables immune recognition of proteins produced inside the cell.
Some antigens appear directly as membrane proteins, so their antigenic features are already associated with the cell surface. Intracellular proteins follow a different route: they are produced within the cell, processed into peptides, and associated with MHC molecules before surface presentation. This distinction helps researchers interpret whether an antigen is displayed directly or through processing.
An epitope is an antigenic portion that can be recognized by the immune system. A cell may produce a larger antigenic protein, but intracellular processing can generate peptide fragments that are loaded onto MHC molecules. Examining these expressed or presented regions therefore provides more specific information about how cellular proteins become visible during immune recognition.
Expression patterns can provide clues about a cell's state or function. Differences in which antigenic molecules or epitopes are produced, or how they appear at the surface, may indicate that the cell has changed. In biology research, this makes antigen expression useful for connecting molecular patterns with altered cellular characteristics without relying on a single marker alone.
Researchers examine which antigenic molecules or epitopes cells produce and how intracellular proteins are presented through MHC molecules. They may also consider antigens that occur directly as membrane proteins. Comparing these expression patterns helps characterize the immune response associated with particular cells, infections, abnormal states, or foreign materials.
Disease-associated markers can be investigated by examining antigen expression patterns in cells and noting molecules or epitopes linked with abnormal cellular states. Because expression may reflect changes in cell function, researchers can use these patterns to distinguish relevant cellular characteristics. This supports the identification and study of markers associated with disease-related biology.
Vaccine studies can use antigen expression to evaluate whether candidate antigens are produced in a form relevant to immune recognition, including peptide presentation through MHC molecules. In engineered-cell research, scientists can design cells to express selected antigenic molecules or epitopes. These applications support both candidate evaluation and the development of research or therapeutic cell systems.