Discontinuous Synthesis
Discontinuous Synthesis - Related Videos
07:22
Discontinuing Intravenous Fluids and a Peripheral Intravenous Line
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2023
Source: Madeline Lassche, MSNEd, RN and Katie Baraki, MSN, RN, College of Nursing, University of Utah, UT Intravenous (IV) fluid administration and peripheral IV catheters (PIVs) may be discontinued for a number of reasons. The most common reason for discontinuing IV fluids is that the patient has returned to normal body fluid volume (euvolemia) and is able to maintain adequate oral fluid intake or is being discharged from the hospital. In addition, the Centers for Disease Control Guidelines...
08:30
Preparation of Synaptoneurosomes from Mouse Cortex using a Discontinuous Percoll-Sucrose Density Gradient
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Cited by 43 •
2011
A method to prepare translationally active, intact synaptoneurosomes (SNs) from mouse brain cortex is described. The method uses a discontinuous Percoll-sucrose density gradient allowing for the quick preparation of active SNs.
02:17
Separation of Bacteria by Capsule Amount Using a Discontinuous Density Gradient
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2025
Source: Feltwell, T., et.al. Separating Bacteria by Capsule Amount Using a Discontinuous Density Gradient. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)This video demonstrates the use of a discontinuous density gradient to separate bacterial strains based on capsule amount. By centrifuging a transposon mutant library through the gradient, bacteria with different capsule densities localize to distinct layers. The separated fractions can then be collected for downstream analysis.
01:19
Limits with Oscillating Discontinuities
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2025
An oscillating discontinuity is a type of discontinuity in which a function’s values fluctuate infinitely often as the input approaches a particular point. Unlike jump discontinuities, where the function suddenly shifts between two values, or infinite discontinuities, where the function diverges without bound, an oscillating discontinuity arises from rapid back-and-forth variation. Because the function never stabilizes toward a single value, no finite limit exists at that point.One of the most...
01:28
Improper Integrals: Discontinuous Integrands
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2026
Evaluating Areas Under Curves with DiscontinuitiesA definite integral is considered improper when the integrand is discontinuous at one of the limits of integration. This occurs when the function is undefined or becomes infinite at an endpoint, making the corresponding region under the curve unbounded. Such behavior is commonly associated with vertical asymptotes at the boundary of the interval. To properly define and evaluate these integrals, a limiting process is used to determine whether a...
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The key constraint is DNA polymerase’s 5′ to 3′ extension direction. On the antiparallel lagging strand, the template orientation places newly added DNA away from the replication fork, so synthesis must restart at successive positions rather than proceed as one uninterrupted chain. This arrangement produces Okazaki fragments and links strand geometry directly to replication architecture.
Each RNA primer provides a starting point for DNA polymerase, which cannot begin extending a new strand without an initiated segment. Polymerase then adds DNA to extend the primer and form an Okazaki fragment. Repeated primer placement therefore allows the lagging strand to advance in sections while maintaining the required 5′ to 3′ direction.
After DNA polymerase extends the primers, the RNA portions are removed and replaced with DNA. This conversion is essential because the completed strand must contain DNA across the regions initially occupied by RNA. DNA ligase then joins the neighboring DNA segments, producing a continuous strand rather than leaving breaks between successive fragments.
The two arrangements reflect the same polymerase directionality but different template orientations. A strand that can be extended in the direction of fork progression does not require repeated fragment joining, whereas the antiparallel lagging strand is built through separately initiated sections. Comparing these arrangements explains why replication uses distinct strategies on the two newly produced strands.
The process begins with RNA primer initiation on the lagging strand. DNA polymerase extends each primer to create an Okazaki fragment, and additional primers support successive rounds of extension. The RNA is then removed, the resulting spaces are filled with DNA, and DNA ligase seals the joins. Together, these steps convert separate segments into one strand.
Chromosome duplication depends on completing every stage of lagging-strand construction, not merely extending individual fragments. If primers are not properly replaced or adjacent DNA segments are not joined, the replicated strand remains incomplete. Studying these steps helps explain how replication errors can arise and why multiple coordinated enzyme activities are required for reliable genetic copying.
This mechanism provides a framework for investigating chromosome duplication, replication errors, and the functions of enzymes that act during DNA synthesis. Because primer handling, DNA replacement, and fragment joining are distinct stages, researchers can examine how each contributes to strand completion. The process therefore connects basic biology with enzyme-focused genetic and biomedical research.