Eukaryotic Genomes
Eukaryotic Genomes - Related Videos
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes
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2025
Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division. The Human Genome Measured in...
14:26
Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
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Cited by 59 •
2016
This paper presents a sensitive method called Circle-Seq for purifying extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA). The method encompasses column purification, removal of remaining linear chromosomal DNA, rolling-circle amplification and high-throughput sequencing. Circle-Seq is applicable to genome-scale screening of eukaryotic eccDNA and studying genome instability and copy-number variation.
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Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms
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Cited by 11 •
2018
This protocol provides researchers with a new tool to monitor the fidelity of transcription in multiple model organisms.
02:40
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region
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2020
The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences. The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
00:58
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases
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2025
RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action. All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
FAQs
Histone proteins package DNA into chromatin, creating the structural context in which genomic regions can be more or less accessible. Regulatory sequences and epigenetic modifications then help determine when genes are accessible and expressed. This coordination links physical DNA organization with cellular control, allowing the same genome to support different developmental programs.
Regulatory sequences provide control points that influence when genes are expressed rather than simply contributing to the genome’s genetic content. Their activity helps coordinate cellular functions and developmental programs. Examining these regions alongside chromatin packaging and epigenetic modifications therefore helps explain gene activity without treating the DNA sequence alone as a complete account of regulation.
Considering nuclear chromosomes alongside organelle genomes provides a more complete view of the genetic material present in many eukaryotic species. This broader perspective supports genome mapping and comparison across organisms, helping researchers examine how genetic information relates to cellular functions, development, evolution, and other biological characteristics.
Genome mapping helps organize and examine the locations and relationships of genetic material across chromosomes and, where relevant, organelles. Researchers can use these maps as a foundation for comparing genomes and investigating gene regulation, development, evolution, disease, and complex traits. Mapping therefore connects genome structure with questions about biological function and variation.
Genome sequencing determines genetic information across a eukaryotic genome, while variant identification focuses attention on differences within that information. Together, these approaches support the study of genetic variation and its relationship to biological characteristics. They also provide a foundation for investigating disease and complex traits within broader functional genomics research.
Functional genomics uses genome information to investigate how genetic material contributes to cellular functions and developmental programs. It places sequence information, regulatory sequences, chromatin accessibility, and epigenetic modifications in a functional context. This approach helps move from identifying genomic features toward understanding how gene regulation contributes to observable biological processes.
Comparing eukaryotic genomes reveals similarities and differences in genetic material that can be examined in relation to evolution and complex traits. When comparisons include regulatory sequences and gene-related information, they can also support investigation of how genomic organization and regulation relate to development or disease. The outcome is a broader view of biological diversity and function.