Spinning Disc Confocal
Spinning Disc Confocal - Related Videos
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Live Cell Imaging of Primary Rat Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Following Adenoviral and Lentiviral Transduction Using Confocal Spinning Disk Microscopy
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Cited by 12 •
2014
This protocol describes a method of live cell imaging using primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes following lentiviral and adenoviral transduction using confocal spinning disk microscopy. This enables detailed observations of cellular processes in living cardiomyocytes.
01:08
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview
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2024
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1. Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
14:33
Generation, Purification, and Characterization of Cell-invasive DISC1 Protein Species
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Cited by 13 •
2012
The generation, purification and cell invasion of intracellular, cytoplasmic full length DISC1 protein aggresomes from cell cultures and of a labeled, multimeric recombinant DISC1 protein fragment in E. coli are described. Cell invasiveness is shown for recipient cells in cell culture and for neurons in vivo after stereotactical brain inoculation.
01:08
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling
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2024
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
01:17
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling
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2024
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
FAQs
The pinholes limit detected fluorescence to light originating near the focal plane. Emission from other planes is blocked before reaching the camera, which improves contrast between structures at different depths. This optical sectioning allows researchers to distinguish cellular features through three-dimensional samples rather than allowing out-of-focus fluorescence to obscure the image.
A rotating disk carries many pinholes, allowing illumination and detection at multiple points simultaneously. This parallel acquisition is faster than collecting information through prolonged point-by-point scanning. The increased imaging speed is particularly useful when cellular structures move or change rapidly, because the microscope can capture more closely spaced observations during a time-lapse experiment.
Researchers obtain optically sectioned fluorescence images that distinguish information from different focal planes. Examining these planes together reveals the spatial organization of structures within cells and supports three-dimensional visualization. This approach is useful when a biological feature extends through depth, such as an organelle distribution or a changing structure observed during cell division.
Its parallel imaging design can acquire data rapidly while reducing photobleaching and phototoxicity compared with prolonged point scanning. Photobleaching decreases the available fluorescence signal, whereas phototoxicity can disturb living cells. Limiting both effects helps preserve signal and cellular behavior during repeated observations, making the method suitable for time-lapse studies of dynamic biological processes.
A typical experiment uses fluorescently labeled cellular structures, positions the sample for fluorescence imaging, and collects optically sectioned images while the disk rotates. Researchers can repeat acquisition across focal planes or over time, depending on the question. The resulting image series supports analysis of three-dimensional organization, movement, or changes in intracellular structures.
The method supports time-lapse observation of cell division, cell migration, and signaling, as well as tracking of organelles and other intracellular dynamics. Its rapid acquisition helps capture changes as they occur, while reduced photobleaching and phototoxicity help maintain usable fluorescence and biological activity across repeated measurements.
These images can reveal where fluorescent cellular structures are located within three-dimensional space and how their positions or appearance change over time. In biology, that information supports studies of organelle behavior, intracellular dynamics, and signaling. Comparing successive optical sections or time points helps connect spatial organization with dynamic cellular events.