Intramolecular Abstraction
Intramolecular Abstraction - Related Videos
03:00
Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces
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2020
Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
08:31
Effects of Thinking Abstractly or Concretely on Self-control
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2023
Source: Diego Reinero & Jay Van Bavel—New York University Whether it's refraining from having a second serving of ice cream, studying instead of attending a fun party, or deciding to put money away in a savings account, sacrificing short-term outcomes in favor of long-term outcomes (i.e., delaying gratification) is a central tenant of self-control. When people apply self control, they engage numerous psychological processes to help them achieve their goal. These self-regulatory processes...
00:47
Radical Formation: Abstraction
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2023
The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions. Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
01:18
Intramolecular Aldol Reaction
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2025
Intramolecular aldol reaction occurs in dicarbonyl compounds such as dialdehydes, diketones, and keto-aldehydes. The dicarbonyl compounds possess more than one nucleophilic ⍺ carbon for the base to deprotonate and form the enolates. For example, in symmetrical diketones, there are four ⍺ carbons. Hence, four types of enolates are possible when treated with a base. However, since the molecule is symmetrical, the enolates formed on either side of one carbonyl group are equivalent to those formed...
06:45
Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
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2017
This protocol was designed to test the activation and pursuit of cognitive goals (e.g., an abstract thinking goal) using the task interruption and resumption paradigm. The protocol is suitable for cognitive goals that are automatically pursued once activated, as the distraction procedure prevents goal pursuit during the interruption period.
FAQs
A six-membered transition state can provide a favorable geometric pathway for hydrogen-atom transfer. In the common 1,5-hydrogen shift, the reactive radical site reaches a hydrogen atom five atoms away through this arrangement, then leaves the radical on a remote position. This spatial organization helps explain selective abstraction and the resulting changes in reaction pathways.
The mechanism can involve oxygen-, nitrogen-, or carbon-centered radicals. Each radical center acts as the reactive site that removes a hydrogen atom from another position in the same molecule. The transfer generates a new radical at the remote site, creating a reactive intermediate that can support further radical rearrangement or functionalization.
Intramolecular abstraction occurs between reactive sites connected within one molecule, so the process does not depend on collision between separate molecules. This molecular connection can favor selective transfer through an organized transition state, such as the six-membered arrangement associated with a 1,5-hydrogen shift. The resulting selectivity can distinguish its pathway from less internally organized processes.
The accessible hydrogen-transfer pathway and the arrangement of atoms between the radical center and the target site strongly shape the outcome. A favorable six-membered transition state can direct a 1,5-hydrogen shift, placing the new radical at a remote position. That relocation determines which subsequent reaction pathway becomes available for analysis or synthesis.
A useful mechanistic analysis identifies the initial radical center, locates a transferable hydrogen atom within the same molecular framework, and tests whether a favorable six-membered transition state can support a 1,5-hydrogen shift. The analysis then tracks the newly formed remote radical and considers how its formation redirects the overall molecular transformation.
In organic synthesis, the process can enable remote functionalization by relocating radical reactivity away from the site where the original radical formed. This strategy provides access to selective bond activation and can also promote radical rearrangements. Its value lies in using a controlled internal transfer to reach molecular positions that might otherwise be difficult to activate.
Intramolecular abstraction provides a mechanistic framework for following radical transformations in both photochemistry and combustion chemistry. In photochemical reactions, it helps describe how reactive centers redirect molecular pathways after energy-driven radical formation. In combustion chemistry, the same type of internal hydrogen transfer helps analyze complex radical sequences and the bond-activation steps within them.