Hand Pollination
Hand Pollination - Related Videos
02:40
Pollination and Flower Structure
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2020
Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are the vegetative flower organs. Stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs. Flowers must be pollinated to produce seeds. In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen (the male structure) to the stigma of the carpel (the female structure). Flowers may be self-pollinated or cross-pollinated.
07:03
Establishing Pollination Requirements in Japanese Plum by Phenological Monitoring, Hand Pollinations, Fluorescence Microscopy and Molecular Genotyping
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Cited by 6 •
2020
A methodology for the determination of pollination requirements in Japanese plum-type hybrids is described, which combines field- and laboratory-pollinations and observations of pollen tubes under the fluorescence microscopy with the identification of S-genotypes by PCR and the monitoring of flowering for the selection of pollinizers.
08:08
Determination of Self- and Inter-(in)compatibility Relationships in Apricot Combining Hand-Pollination, Microscopy and Genetic Analyses
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Cited by 3 •
2020
We present a methodology to establish the pollination requirements of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars combining the determination of self-(in)compatibility by fluorescence microscopy with the identification of the S-genotype by PCR analysis.
07:19
Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea
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Cited by 1 •
2016
To reveal the pollinator effectiveness of a given plant species, multiple methods of field experiments have been developed. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments for pollination ecology using the case study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea and the novel pollination mechanism, breaking-bud pollination.
08:09
The Rubber Hand Illusion
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2023
Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum—Johns Hopkins University Reaching for objects, walking without hitting obstacles, landing on a chair as you sit (instead of falling to the floor), these and all our physical actions depend on an ability to perceive our own bodies in space, to know where our limbs are relative to one another and relative to the rest of the world. One way that the human brain encodes this information is called proprioception, the brain relies on its own control and feedback...
FAQs
By controlling which flower supplies pollen, researchers can create a defined cross rather than leave the pollen source uncertain. The resulting fertilization, embryo formation, and seed development can then be examined in relation to the selected genetic contributions. This makes the technique useful for linking a particular cross with subsequent developmental outcomes.
Flower receptivity determines whether the selected stigma is ready to receive pollen, while pollen-source control preserves the intended cross. Isolation or a protective covering limits unwanted transfer from other flowers. Together, these measures improve experimental control, so later observations of fertilization or seed formation can be interpreted against the planned parental combination.
Timing matters because Hand Pollination depends on selecting flowers at an appropriate receptive stage, and developmental events follow the cross. Environmental conditions can also influence early development, making them relevant when researchers compare fertilization, embryo formation, or seed outcomes. Recording timing and conditions therefore helps connect observed differences with the experimental cross.
A basic workflow begins by selecting receptive flowers, followed by collecting pollen from the chosen anther. The pollen is applied directly to the stigma of the target flower. Researchers then use isolation or protective covering to reduce unintended pollen transfer. This sequence creates a controlled basis for examining reproduction and development.
They allow researchers to examine fertilization and follow its relationship to embryo and seed formation. Because the pollen donor and recipient are selected deliberately, observations can also be considered alongside inheritance and genetic contributions. In developmental biology, these outcomes help connect reproductive events with the earliest stages of plant development.
It is useful when researchers need deliberate crosses for plant breeding or for experiments on reproductive timing. The method also supports analyses of how genetic contributions and environmental conditions influence early development. By managing the cross rather than relying on uncontrolled pollen movement, investigators can compare planned reproductive outcomes across experimental conditions.