Kubo Formalism
Kubo Formalism - Related Videos
02:42
Formal Charges
0 Views •
2020
In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists. Calculating Formal Charge The formal charge of an atom in a molecule is the hypothetical charge the atom would have if the electrons in the bonds are evenly distributed between the atoms. Alternatively, formal charge results when from the number...
02:19
Lewis Structures and Formal Charges
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2025
Lewis symbols can be used to indicate the formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in Lewis structures—drawings that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. The periodic table can be used to predict the number of valence electrons in an atom and the number of bonds that will be formed to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, have filled electron configurations and thus rarely participate in chemical bonding. However, atoms from group 17, such as bromine...
11:04
Quantification of Global Diastolic Function by Kinematic Modeling-based Analysis of Transmitral Flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling Formalism
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Cited by 8 •
2014
Accurate, causality-based quantification of global diastolic function has been achieved by kinematic modeling-based analysis of transmitral flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling (PDF) formalism. PDF generates unique stiffness, relaxation, and load parameters and elucidates 'new' physiology while providing sensitive and specific indexes of dysfunction.
08:53
Preparation of Single-cohort Colonies and Hormone Treatment of Worker Honeybees to Analyze Physiology Associated with Role and/or Endocrine System
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Cited by 5 •
2016
Here we describe our detailed protocol for the preparation of single-cohort honeybee colonies – a useful tool for analyzing the role-associated worker physiology. We also describe detailed protocols for treating workers with juvenile hormone and ecdysone to evaluate the involvement of these hormones in the regulation of worker behavior and/or physiology.
11:18
Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
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Cited by 18 •
2015
A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.
FAQs
The framework evaluates equilibrium time-correlation functions that describe how microscopic quantities fluctuate over time. These correlations are then related to macroscopic response coefficients through the fluctuation-dissipation principle. As a result, properties such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and susceptibility can be predicted from equilibrium behavior rather than by explicitly modeling the system under every possible weak external perturbation.
Quantum operators provide the mathematical representation of physical observables and their fluctuations within the system. Correlating these operators over time allows the formalism to retain information about microscopic quantum behavior while producing macroscopic response quantities. This connection is especially relevant when engineering analyses examine material behavior, electron transport, or device responses that depend on quantum-scale processes.
Time-dependent correlations can be used to determine how a system responds at different frequencies. This produces frequency-dependent response information rather than only a single static value. Engineers can therefore examine how electrical, thermal, or susceptibility-related behavior changes with the frequency of an external perturbation, supporting analysis of material performance across different operating conditions.
Instead of repeatedly simulating each state while an external field drives the material, the approach infers weak-perturbation behavior from equilibrium fluctuations and time correlations. This provides a route to response coefficients without directly reproducing every driven configuration. The distinction is useful when researchers need response predictions while limiting the computational effort associated with explicitly modeling many nonequilibrium states.
An application requires equilibrium time-correlation information, quantum-operator descriptions of the relevant observables, and a specified weak external perturbation or response quantity. The resulting analysis connects those microscopic inputs to a coefficient such as conductivity or susceptibility. Selecting the appropriate correlation and observable determines whether the calculation addresses electrical transport, heat transport, or another material response.
The method is useful when engineers need to analyze electron or heat transport and predict how a material or nanoscale device responds to an external influence. It can provide frequency-dependent behavior and macroscopic coefficients while avoiding direct simulation of every driven state. These capabilities support material evaluation, transport modeling, and assessment of device performance at small scales.