Infection Assessment
Infection Assessment - Related Videos
02:01
Assessing Pseudovirus Infection Using Luciferase Reporter Assay
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2026
Source: Chang, X., et al. Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).This video demonstrates a luciferase-based assay to quantify pseudovirus infection in epithelial cells. The pseudovirus encodes the luciferase gene, which is expressed in infected cells. After washing, and cells are incubated with lysis buffer at an ultra-low temperature, and then thawed to induce lysis.
02:57
Assessing Antiviral Cytokine Production in Response to Viral Infection
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2026
Source: Zhang, J., et al. Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production. J. Vis. Exp. (2014)This video demonstrates the process of infecting murine fibroblast cells with herpesvirus and monitoring the resulting antiviral cytokine release and gene expression. It outlines key steps, including viral infection, media collection for cytokine quantification, and cell harvesting for gene expression analysis.
02:46
Intranasal Murine Herpesvirus Infection in Mice to Assess Host Immune Responses
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2026
Source: Zhang, J., et al. P. Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production. J. Vis. Exp. (2014)This video demonstrates intranasal delivery of murine herpesvirus in mice to induce a lung-specific immune response. Lung tissue is subsequently processed to obtain cytokine-containing supernatants for downstream assessment of host immune responses.
02:03
Assessing Bacterial Burden in the Mouse Spleen for Infection Studies
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2026
Source: Madenspacher, J. H. and Fessler, M. B. A Non-invasive and Technically Non-intensive Method for Induction and Phenotyping of Experimental Bacterial Pneumonia in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2016)This video demonstrates the process of quantifying bacterial load in the spleen of an infected mouse to assess the severity of infection. The homogenized spleen is serially diluted and plated to determine total bacterial burden. The resulting data provide insights into host-pathogen interactions within...
01:15
Assessing the Role of Gut Microbiota in Modulating Hepatitis B Infection in Mice
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2026
Take a control mouse with a normal gut microbiota and an experimental mouse with depleted gut microbiota. The depletion compromises the integrity of the gut barrier.This enables bacteria to translocate through the blood vessel into the liver tissue.Inject both mice with the hepatitis B virus or HBV plasmid to induce an HBV infection in the liver tissue.In the control mouse, the T cell detects an infected liver cell through the interaction of its receptors with viral antigens, and produces...
FAQs
The distinction depends on comparing evidence from the pathogen with evidence from the host immune response. Microscopy, culture, antigen detection, and nucleic acid testing examine clinical specimens for indications of the infectious agent, whereas pathogen-specific antibody measurements describe immune recognition. Interpreting these findings together with clinical history and examination helps separate current disease from evidence of earlier exposure.
Each method contributes a different type of evidence. Microscopy and culture analyze specimens, antigen detection and nucleic acid testing provide additional laboratory approaches, and antibody measurement reflects the host response. Combining these results with clinical findings can provide a more informative assessment of infection status and disease progression than any single source of evidence alone.
Immune responses provide information about how the host is reacting to a pathogen. Measuring pathogen-specific antibodies can help identify immune recognition and distinguish prior exposure from other findings, while clinical and laboratory evidence contributes information about progression and severity. In immunology research, this combined view supports analysis of host-pathogen interactions rather than focusing only on the infectious agent.
The workflow begins with patient history and physical examination, followed by selection and analysis of appropriate clinical specimens when laboratory evidence is needed. Investigators may use microscopy, culture, antigen detection, nucleic acid testing, or pathogen-specific antibody measurement. The resulting findings are then considered together to assess infection status, progression, and the relationship between clinical signs and immune responses.
Its applications extend to infection control, epidemiological surveillance, and research on diagnostic tools and vaccines. Consistent assessment can help identify patterns of infection across populations, support responses intended to limit transmission, and generate evidence for evaluating new diagnostic approaches. In clinical settings, the findings also contribute to decisions about timely treatment when infection is suspected or confirmed.
In this field, assessment methods connect clinical observations with measurements of pathogens and host responses. Researchers can use that combination to characterize host-pathogen interactions, examine how disease progresses, and evaluate immune evidence such as pathogen-specific antibodies. The same framework also supports development of diagnostic tools and vaccines by linking measurable findings with infection status and immune response.