Nf-κb Pathway
Nf-κb Pathway - Related Videos
02:26
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway
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2021
The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals. NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism The heterodimer of NF-κB...
01:27
C4 Pathway and CAM
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2019
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy. C4 Pathway The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
01:24
Other Glycolytic Pathways
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2025
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
01:26
Respiration Pathways
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2025
Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
01:15
Auditory Pathway
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2024
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea. When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
FAQs
The sequence creates a switch between a restrained and an active transcriptional state. IκB normally prevents NF-κB from acting on DNA; phosphorylation by the IκB kinase complex marks IκB for degradation. Once that inhibition is removed, NF-κB dimers enter the nucleus and regulate target genes, linking an extracellular signal to coordinated changes in inflammation, immunity, stress responses, and cell survival.
The IκB kinase complex functions at the transition between upstream stimulation and NF-κB-dependent gene regulation. Its phosphorylation of IκB determines whether the inhibitor remains present or is targeted for degradation. Because this step controls access of NF-κB dimers to the nucleus, pathway activity can influence several related cellular programs rather than producing only one isolated response.
NF-κB signaling responds to extracellular cues associated with immune activity, inflammation, cellular stress, infection, and tissue injury. The resulting gene-expression pattern depends on the biological setting and the signals reaching the pathway. Consequently, activation may support protective responses and survival in one context, yet contribute to persistent inflammation, autoimmune disease, or cancer progression in another.
It coordinates a broader transcriptional program that connects immune responses with inflammation, stress adaptation, and cell survival. This network-level role means that pathway activation can affect multiple disease processes simultaneously. In medicine, that breadth is important because altering one pathway component may influence both harmful inflammation and cellular survival programs, creating opportunities as well as therapeutic challenges.
Researchers can assess NF-κB activity to determine whether the pathway is engaged under a disease-related condition or altered by a treatment. Such measurements help connect pathway signaling with changes in target-gene regulation and cellular behavior. Comparing activity across experimental conditions can therefore support studies of disease mechanisms and provide evidence about whether an intervention changes the relevant signaling response.
Pathway analysis is useful when investigators want to learn whether a treatment affects inflammatory or survival-related signaling rather than only observing a final clinical or cellular outcome. Measuring NF-κB activity can help compare treated and untreated conditions, clarify mechanisms of response, and identify whether a therapy influences a signaling process relevant to inflammation, infection, autoimmune disease, or cancer.
Its components regulate gene-expression programs that participate in inflammation and cell survival, making them relevant targets for therapies designed to reduce harmful inflammation or alter cancer-related biology. Targeting the pathway can therefore address mechanisms shared across several disorders. However, its involvement in immune and protective responses also makes the biological context important when interpreting therapeutic effects.