Name: vaporization, boiling, and evaporation
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:01.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.3.1

Vaporization

(Eğitmen) Buharlaşma, sıvı halden gaz veya buhar haline dönüşme işlemidir.
 Örneğin, suya ısı enerjisi eklendiğinde, kaynama noktasına ulaşır ve buhar olur.
 Belli bir miktar sıvının sabit bir derecede buharlaşması için gereken enerji miktarına buharlaşma ısısı denir.
Buna ilaveten, buharlaşma bir sıvının sadece yüzey kısmında da gerçekleşebilir (evaporation).
 Bu durumda, kinetik enerji güneş ve rüzgar ile sağlanır.
 Eğer enerji intermoleküler gücü aşarsa, moleküller serbest kalır ve buhar oluşur, bu da hayvanlarda terlemeyle soğumanın önemli bir aracıdır.
Ter büyük oranda su olduğu için moleküller buharlaşır.
 Bu sıvı ile moleküllerde depolanan enerji de dışarı çıkar, bu durum kalan damlaların toplam ısısını azaltır ve vücut ısısı düşer.
 Buharlaşma, bitkilerin terlemesinde de kohezyon ve adezyon yardımıyla önemli bir rol oynar.
 Yaprakların yüzeyindeki suyun buharlaşması, komşu moleküllerin yukarı çıkmasını ve bu sayede suyun köklerden yapraklara doğru gelmesini sağlar.

buharlaşma

Buharlaşma, sıvı bir maddeyi gaz veya buhar halindeki bir maddeye dönüştürür. Bunu başarmak için kinetik enerji, molekülleri bağlı tutan moleküller arası kuvvetlerden daha büyük olmalıdır. Belirli bir basınçta ve sabit bir sıcaklıkta bir miktar sıvıyı buharlaştırmak için gereken enerji miktarına buharlaşma ısısı denir. Sıvı su buharlaştığında buhara dönüşür.

<h4>Yöntemler</h4>

Bir sıvıya kaynama noktasına ulaşana kadar ısı eklemek, buharlaştırma yöntemlerinden biridir. Kaynama, sıvı yüzeyinin altında buhar kabarcıkları oluştuğunda meydana gelen bir buharlaşma türüdür. Kaynama noktası, atmosferik basınca göre değişir. Daha fazla atmosferik basınçla, kaynama noktasına ulaşmak için daha fazla enerjiye ihtiyaç vardır. Deniz seviyesinde su 100 o C’de (212 o F) kaynar —bu deniz seviyesindeki sıcaklığa normal veya atmosferik kaynama noktası denir. Daha yüksek rakımlarda, suyun kaynaması için daha az enerji gerekir. Everest Dağı’nda su yaklaşık 71 o C’de (160 o F) kaynar. Atmosferi olmayan ama aynı zamanda aşırı derecede soğuk olan uzayda, su önce kaynar sonra donar —suyun yüksek ısı kapasitesinin bir sonucu.

Başka bir buharlaşma türü olan evaporasyon, kaynama noktasının altında gerçekleşir. Bu süreçte, moleküller arası kuvvetleri aşmak için yeterli kinetik enerjiye sahip su molekülleri, su yüzeyinden buhar olarak kaçar. Kalan su molekülleri daha düşük kinetik enerjiye sahiptir. Bu büyük ölçekte gerçekleşirse, sıvı kütlenin toplam kinetik enerjisi azalır ve sıvıyı soğutur. Terleme, vücut ısısını düşürmek için buharlaşma olgusundan yararlanır. Ter vücuttan buharlaştığında, kalan ter daha soğuktur ve vücuttaki ısının emilmesine yardımcı olur.

Suyun buharlaşma özellikleri, bitkiler tarafından suyun bitkide yukarı taşınmasına yardımcı olmak için de kullanılır. Su molekülleri yapraklardaki gözeneklerden salındığında ve buharlaştıkça, moleküler yapışma yoluyla altlarındaki su moleküllerini yukarı çekerler. Çevresel ölçekte, su evaporasyonu, su döngüsünü ve Dünya’nın hava ve ikliminin çoğunu çalıştıran motordur. Dünya’nın yüzeyinin yaklaşık %71’i sudur, bu nedenle su evaporasyonunun mekanizmalarını ve gücünü anlamak önemlidir.

Buharlaşma

Bir maddenin fiziksel formu, sıcaklığını değiştirerek değişir. Örneğin, bir sıvının sıcaklığının yükseltilmesi sıvının buharlaşmasına neden olur ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biyoloji

Fundamentals

Temel İlkeler

Chemistry of Life

Yaşamın Kimyası

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

vaporization, boiling, and evaporation

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization.

Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the surface of the liquid. The boiling point changes with atmospheric pressure. With more pressure, more energy is needed to reach the boiling point.

At sea level, water boils at the normal, or atmospheric, boiling point of 100 °C, or 212 °F. At higher elevations, water needs less energy to boil. For example, water boils at about 71 °C, or 160 °F, on Mount Everest. Evaporation is another form of vaporization, but it happens below the boiling point.

During evaporation, water molecules with enough kinetic energy escape from the surface as vapor. The molecules left behind have lower kinetic energy. If evaporation happens on a large scale, the liquid loses overall kinetic energy and cools. Sweat uses this effect to lower body temperature. As perspiration evaporates, the cooler sweat helps absorb heat from the body. Plants also use water’s evaporative properties to move water upward through the plant. On a larger scale, evaporation drives the water cycle and helps shape Earth’s weather and climate.

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Periodic Table Basics for Living Things

The periodic table helps explain which elements living things need and how those elements are related. Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all occur naturally, and even fewer are essential for life. Living matter is made mostly of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. Together, these elements make up most of the human body and are also found in all life on Earth. Smaller amounts of calcium,...

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electron orbital model

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covalent bonds

Electronegativity and Covalent Bond Polarity

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ionic bonds

Ionic Compounds and Electrolytes

Ionic compounds form when atoms gain or lose electrons to reach a more stable electron configuration. The charged particles that result are called ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions. The most reactive elements include those with one valence electron, such as potassium, and those that need one more valence electron, such as chlorine. Ions that lose electrons become positive cations. Ions that gain electrons become negative anions. Cations and anions...

hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

Hydrogen bonds in water are weak attractions between atoms that are already part of other chemical bonds. One atom is electronegative, such as oxygen, and carries a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that is bonded to another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge. These attractions form because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen. The electrons in that bond are shared unequally.

van der waals interactions

Intermolecular Forces in Polar Solutions

Intermolecular forces are the attractions and repulsions that act between atoms and molecules. These electrostatic forces come from particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. For neutral atoms and molecules, the main types are ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, and dispersion forces, which are together called van der Waals forces. Polar molecules have a partial positive end and a partial negative end. That separation of charge creates a dipole. In water, oxygen is more electronegative...

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Electron Geometry and Lone Pairs

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chemical reactions

Atoms, Bonds, and Chemical Reactions

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redox reactions

Electron Transfer in Redox

Redox reactions are chemical reactions that involve electron transfer between atoms or molecules. When one particle gains electrons, another must lose them at the same time. That is why oxidation and reduction always happen together. The two roles in a redox reaction are linked. The atom that is oxidized acts as the reducing agent, or reductant. The atom that is reduced acts as the oxidizing agent, or oxidant. A simple way to remember the ideas is OIL-RIG, which means oxidation is losing...

cohesion

Water Molecules and Surface Tension

Water molecules stick to each other through cohesion. Water is neutral overall, but it is a polar molecule. The oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge, and it can bind with a hydrogen atom that has a partial positive charge in another water molecule. This forms a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, and these bonds give water its cohesive nature. Cohesion helps water form droplets on a surface. Water does not...

adhesion

Water Climbing by Adhesion

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states of water

Water Phase Changes and Ice Density

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specific heat

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Specific heat capacity describes how much energy a substance needs to rise by 1 degree Celsius for each gram. It is often written with calories, grams, and degrees Celsius, but it can also be shown in joules, kilograms, and Kelvin. For water, 1 gram needs 1 calorie to increase by 1°C, which is also written as 1 cal/g-°C or 4186 J/kg/K. Water has a high specific heat capacity, so it takes in a large amount of heat before its temperature changes much. It also gives off a lot of heat when it...

vaporization

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the...

solvents

Water as a Biological Solvent

Water acts as a biological solvent in many living systems. A solvent is a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves another substance called a solute. When a solvent and a solute mix, they form a solution, which is a uniform mixture of both parts. Water is called a universal biological solvent because its polar structure helps it dissolve many other polar compounds. Polarity means that one side of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other side has a slight negative charge.

carbon skeletons

Carbon Backbones in Biomolecules

Carbon backbones give biological molecules their structure and flexibility. Living things are built from macromolecules that contain carbon atoms, and organic compounds are defined by a carbon backbone. Carbon is tetravalent, so each carbon atom can bond with four other atoms. Its valence electrons are stable, so carbon rarely becomes an ion. As carbon chains get longer, they can form ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains. Carbon-carbon bonds create the carbon skeleton.

key terms and concepts

Explore how heat changes liquids into vapor, including boiling, evaporation, boiling point changes with pressure, cooling from sweat, and the water cycle.

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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JoVE Core serisi, biyolojinin ana konseptlerini açıklayan 300 adet kısa ve kolay anlaşılabilir olan video dersleriyle ve günümüz laboratuvarlarında yürütülen gerçek araştırmaları gösteren 150'den fazla \"bilim insanları iş başında\" videolarıyla biyolojiye hayat vermektedir.

Alabama Course of Study Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.4.b

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

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Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

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