Name: how food becomes atp
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Dietary Connections

- [Anlatıcı] Glikoz yanında organizmalar besinleri karbonhidratlar, proteinler ve lipidler şeklinde de sindirirler ve bunlar da glikoliz sürecinde rol oynarlar.
 Çok sayıda basit şeker zincirlerinden oluşan karbonhidratlar öncelikle daha küçük birimlere parçalanır ve glikoliz sürecine girerek pirüvata dönüştürülürler.
 Örneğin meyve ve sebzelerin çoğunda bulunan bir şeker olan sukroz daha basit iki şeker olan fruktoz ve glikoza parçalanır ve daha sonra glikoliz süreçte katabolize edilir.
Proteinler, pheA enzimleri, amino asitlerine parçalanır ve bazı amino asitler yeni prteinler oluşturmak üzere bir araya gelirken, dğerleri, ancak amin grup ortadan kalkıp amonyaka dönüştükten sonra farklı noktalardan glikoliz sürecine girerler.
 Son olarak, kolestrol ve trigliserit formundaki lipidler beta oksidasyon denen bir süreçte katabolize olurlar.
 Yağ asidi zincirleri asetil gruplarına dönüştürülürken bunlar da koenzim A ile tutulup sitrik asit döngüsüyle sürece dahil olurlar.

diyet bağlantıları

<h4>Genel Bakış </h4>

Metabolik yollar birbirine bağlıdır. Glikozu ATP’ye dönüştüren hücresel solunum süreçleri-glikoliz, piruvat oksidasyonu ve sitrik asit döngüsü gibi—diğer organik bileşikleri parçalayanlara bağlanır. Sonuç olarak, elmalardan peynire, guacamole'ye kadar çeşitli yiyecekler ATP olarak sonuçlanır. Karbonhidratlara ek olarak, yiyecekler ayrıca kolesterol ve yağlar gibi proteinler ve lipitler içerir. Bu organik bileşiklerin tümü enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılır (Yani ATP üretmek için).

<h4>Karbonhidrat Sindirimi</h4>

İnsan vücudu, karbonhidratları basit şekerlere bölen çeşitli enzimlere sahiptir. Glikoz doğrudan glikolize girebilirken, fruktoz ve galaktoz gibi bazı basit şekerler ilk önce glikolitik yolun ara maddeleri olan şekerlere dönüştürülür.

<h4>Protein Sindirimi</h4>

Proteinler, enzimler tarafından, genellikle yeni proteinler oluşturmak için geri dönüştürülen kurucu amino asitlerine ayrılır. Bununla birlikte, vücut açlıktan ölüyorsa veya fazla amino asit varsa, bazı amino asitler amino gruplarını kaybedebilir ve daha sonra hücresel solunuma girebilir. Kayıp amino grupları amonyağa dönüştürülür ve atık ürünlere dahil edilir. Farklı amino asitler, glikoliz, piruvat oksidasyonu ve sitrik asit döngüsü dahil olmak üzere farklı aşamalarda hücresel solunuma girer. Amino asitler, hücresel solunum süreçlerinde Ara ürünlerden de üretilebilir.

<h4>Yağ Sindirimi</h4>

Kolesterol ve trigliseritler (yani yağlar) gibi lipitler de hücresel solunum yollarında üretilebilir ve parçalanabilir. Trigliseritler, örneğin, gliserol ve üç yağ asitinden oluşur. Fosforile gliserol glikolize girebilir. Yağ asitleri, beta-oksidasyon adı verilen bir dizi reaksiyonla asetil CoA’ya dönüştürüldükten sonra sitrik asit döngüsüne girer.

Bu nedenle, ATP Formundaki biyokimyasal enerji karbonhidratlardan, proteinlerden veya lipitlerden elde edilebilir.

Diyet Bağlantıları

Biyolojik sistemlerde, çoğu metabolik yol birbiriyle bağlantılıdır. Glikozu ATP'ye dönüştüren hücresel solunum süreçleri - örneğin...

Education

JoVE Core

Biyoloji

Cellular Processes

Hücresel Süreçler

Cellular Respiration

Hücresel Solunum

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

how food becomes atp

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy.

Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway.

Proteins are digested into amino acids. The body usually recycles these amino acids to build new proteins. If the body is starving or has extra amino acids, some amino acids lose their amino groups and can enter cellular respiration. The lost amino groups become ammonia and are added to waste products. Different amino acids can enter at glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, or the citric acid cycle. Amino acids can also be made from intermediates in cellular respiration.

Lipids also connect to energy production. Triglycerides, or fats, are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. Phosphorylated glycerol enters glycolysis. Fatty acids first go through beta-oxidation, a series of reactions that converts them into acetyl CoA. They then enter the citric acid cycle. In this way, biochemical energy in the form of ATP can come from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

How Food Becomes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enter cellular respiration and help make ATP. Learn how digestion links food molecules to energy.

How Food Becomes ATP | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

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HS-LS1-7

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-3

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

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BIO1.LS1.1

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Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures.
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BIO1.LS1.2

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Mutations

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MicroRNAs

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Conjugated Proteins

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BIO1.LS1.3

How Food Becomes ATP

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