Name: small and large intestine functions
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Anatomy of the Intestines

- [Anlatıcı] İnce ve kalın bağırsaklar besin ve suyun emiliminden sorumludur.
 İnce bağırsak epey dar olmasına karşın yaklaşık olarak 6,7 metre uzunluğundadır ve karın boşluğuna sıkışmış vaziyettedir.
 Kimüs ilk olarak onikiparmak bağırsağına ulaşır ve daha sonra ortadaki en uzun kısım olan boş bağırsağa doğru yol alır.
Buradaki duvar, mukoza katmanlarına sahiptir ve parmağa benzeyen villüslerle kaplıdır.
 Epitel hücrelerin üzerindeki tabaka mikrovilü denen sitoplazmik çıkıntılara sahiptir.
 Bu üç yapı, besinlerin en iyi şekilde emilmesi için ince bağırsağın yüz ölçümünü artırır.
İnce bağırsağın ucunda bağırsağın son kısmı ileum bulunur ve ileoçekal kapaktan kalın bağırsağa bağlanır.
 Kalın bağırsağın ilk kısmı olan kör bağırsakta ne katman vardır ne de villüs.
 Burası, selülozu parçalayarak sindirimin son evrelerini gerçekleştiren büyük bir bakteri ekosistemine ev sahipliği yapar.
Kör bağırsağın ucunda asılı duran parçaysa ufak bir lenfatik yapı olan apandistir.
 Bunun üzerinde çıkan kolon başlar, onu enine kolon takip eder.
 Bu da kalan suyun ve elektrolitin büyük bir kısmını emer ve kimüsü dışkıya çevirir.
 Son bölgeler olan inen kolon, sigmoid kolon ve rektum, dışkıyı anüsten atılana kadar tutar.

Javitt, Norman B. "Hepatik Safra Oluşumunun Tarihi: Eski Sorunlar, Yeni Yaklaşımlar." Fizyoloji Eğitimindeki Gelişmeler 38, no. 4 (1 Aralık 2014): 279–85. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00076.2014">Kaynak</a>]
Shetty, Sudarshan A., Floor Hugenholtz, Leo Lahti, Hauke Smidt ve Willem M. de Vos. "Bağırsak Mikrobiyom Peyzajı: Topluluk Montajında İçgörü ve Mikrobiyal Modülasyon Stratejileri için Çıkarımlar." FEMS Mikrobiyoloji İncelemeleri 41, no. 2 (Mart 2017): 182–99. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw045" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]
Wen, Li ve Andrew Duffy. "Bağırsak Mikrobiyotasını Etkileyen Faktörler, Enflamasyon ve Tip 2 Diyabet." Beslenme Dergisi 147, no. 7 (Temmuz 2017): 1468S-1475S. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.240754" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

bağırsak anatomisi

Proteinlerin, karbonhidratların ve lipitlerin sindirimi midede başlasa da, bağırsakta tamamlanır. Yiyecek ve içeceklerdeki besinlerin, su ve elektrolitlerin emilimi de ayrıca bağırsakta gerçekleşir. Bağırsaklar yapısal olarak iki farklı organa ayrılabilir; ince ve kalın bağırsaklar.

<h4>İnce Bağırsaklar</h4>

İnce bağırsak, iç çapı sadece 2,5 cm olan ~22 metre uzunluğunda bir tüptür. Besin maddelerinin çoğu burada emildiği için, ince bağırsağın iç astarı oldukça kıvrımlıdır ve her biri yüzlerce mikrovilli içeren villus adı verilen parmak benzeri uzantılarla kaplıdır. İnce bağırsağın kıvrımları, villusları ve mikrovilleri, emilim yüzey alanını 60 ila 120 kat arttırır. Artan yüzey alanı, besinlerin emilmesi için yeterli fırsatı sağlar.

İnce bağırsak, mideye pilorik sfinkter ile bağlanır, bu da kimus duodenuma (ince bağırsağın başlangıcı) geçtiğinde kapanır. İnce bağırsağın orta ve en büyük kısmı jejunumdur. İleum, ileoçekal kapak tarafından kalın bağırsağa bağlanarak ince bağırsağı sonlandırır.

<h4>Kalın Bağırsaklar</h4>

 Kalın bağırsak çekumdan başlar. Apendiks, küçük lenfatik bir yapıdır ve çekumun alt ucunda sallanır. Çekumun yanından asendan kolon ve ardından da transvers kolon gelir. Kalan suyun ve elektrolitlerin çoğunu kimustan emerek dışkıya çevirirler. İnen kolon, sigmoid kolon ve rektum, anüs yoluyla eliminasyona kadar dışkıyı depolar.

 Genel olarak, kalın bağırsak yaklaşık 1,5 m uzunluğundadır ve iç çapı 4,8 cm'dir. Kıvrımlar ve villus içermez, ancak emici epitel hücreleri mikrovilluslara sahiptir. Kalın bağırsak, sindirimin son aşamalarını gerçekleştiren bakteriyel bir ekosisteme ev sahipliği yapar; selüloz ve lifin parçalanması gibi mide ve ince bağırsağın yapamayacağı işleri yerine getirir.

<h4>Bakteriyel Çeşitlilik</h4>

 Kalın bağırsak 700'den fazla farklı bakteri türü içerir. Bakteriyel çeşitliliğin obezite ve Tip 2 diyabetin gelişimi ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Obez bireyler, obez olmayan muadillerine göre daha az bakteri suşuna sahiptir. Düşük bakteri çeşitliliği de insülin direnci ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bağırsak bakteriyel ekosistemi (bağırsak biyomu) doğumdan kısa bir süre sonra oluşur ve emzirilen bebekler bağırsak biyomlarını anne sütünde bulunan bakterilerden geliştirir. Doğumdan sonra, biyom bir bireyin genetiği, diyeti, yaşı, cinsiyeti ve bağışıklık sistemi tarafından şekillendirilir. Diyet, sağlık durumu, ilaçlar ve coğrafi konum gibi dış faktörler de bağırsak biyomunun karmaşıklığını önemli ölçüde etkiler.

Bağırsak Anatomisi

Proteinlerin, karbonhidratların ve lipitlerin sindirimi midede başlayabilse de bağırsakta tamamlanır. Besinlerin, suyun, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biyoloji

Human Biology

İnsan Biyolojisi

Nutrition and Digestion

Beslenme ve Sindirim

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

small and large intestine functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination.

The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of microvilli, and the folds, villi, and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption by 60 to 120 times.

The small intestine connects to the stomach through the pyloric sphincter. When chyme moves into the duodenum, which is the start of the small intestine, this sphincter closes off. The middle section is the jejunum, and the ileum is the final part. The ileum joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.

The large intestine begins at the cecum. The appendix, a small lymphatic structure, hangs from the bottom of the cecum. Above it are the ascending colon and then the transverse colon. These sections absorb most of the remaining water and electrolytes from chyme and help turn it into feces.

The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum store feces until they leave the body through the anus. The large intestine is about 1.5 m long and has an inner diameter of 4.8 cm. Unlike the small intestine, it does not have folds or villi, although its absorptive epithelial cells do have microvilli.

The large intestine also supports a bacterial ecosystem that carries out the final stages of digestion. These bacteria can break down cellulose and fiber, which the stomach and small intestine are not well equipped to process. The large intestine contains over 700 different species of bacteria, and this diversity may be linked to obesity and Type 2 diabetes. People with obesity tend to have fewer bacterial strains than people who are not obese, and low diversity has also been associated with insulin resistance.

The gut biome is established shortly after birth. Babies who are breastfed develop it from bacteria present in breast milk. After birth, genetics, diet, age, sex, and the immune system help shape the biome. External factors such as diet, health status, medications, and geographical location also affect how complex the gut biome becomes.

Small and Large Intestine Functions

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the small and large intestines absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes, and learn how gut bacteria help finish digestion in high school biology.

Small and Large Intestine Functions | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core serisi, biyolojinin ana konseptlerini açıklayan 300 adet kısa ve kolay anlaşılabilir olan video dersleriyle ve günümüz laboratuvarlarında yürütülen gerçek araştırmaları gösteren 150'den fazla \"bilim insanları iş başında\" videolarıyla biyolojiye hayat vermektedir.

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Life Science

HS-LS1-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.45

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Structure and Function

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2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how the structures of the integumentary system and its accessory organs contribute to its function. Examples: how the layers of the skin contribute to homeostasis, the role of glands in thermoregulation and in hydration of skin and mucous membranes, the protective functions of hair and nails

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Small and Large Intestine Functions

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