Name: digestive hormones and stomach control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 40 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Hormonal Regulation

- [Anlatıcı] Sindirimde nöroendokrin sistem de rol oynar.
 Bu süreçte beyin, sindirim hormonlarını takip eder ve belli aşamalarda salınmalarını sağlar.
 Midede gerçekleşen gastrik evrede proteinler saptandığında salgı bezlerinden iki hormon salınır: gastrin ve histamin.
Bunlar, hidroklorik asit üretimini uyarıp mide sıvılarını artırarak yiyecekleri öğütüp kimüs haline getirir.
 Kimüsün onikiparmak bağırsağına girmesiyle birlikte salgılanmaya başlayan çeşitli hormonlar midedeki sindirim sürecini sona erdirip kimüsü sistemin geri kalan bölümü boyunca ilerletmeyi sürdürürler.
 Sözgelimi, gastrik inhibitör peptid ya da GIP midedeki karıştırma ve öğütme hareketini yavaşlatır.
Sekretin ve kolesistokinin ya da CCK mide ile onikiparmak bağırsağı arasındaki büzücü kasları harekete geçirerek yolu kapatır ve kimüsün salgılanmasını sınırlandırır.
 Sekretin, mide sıvılarının üretimini de baskılar ve pankreastan bikarbonat salımını uyararak kimüsün asitliğini nötralize eder.
 CCK ayrıca pankreası uyararak sindirim enzimleri, safra kesesini uyararak safra salgılamasını sağlar.
Son olarak da peptid YY hormonu vardır ve ince bağırsağın ucundaki ileumdan ve kalın bağırsaktan salgılanır.
 Kimüsün kalın bağırsağa geçişini yavaşlatarak suyun ve elektrolitlerin kolay emilmesini sağlar.
 Peptid YY aynı zamanda "Karnım doydu" işaretidir ve yeme sürecini sona erdirmek için beyne gönderilir.

Ye, Lihua ve Rodger A. Liddle. "Gastrointestinal Hormonlar ve Bağırsak Konektomu." Endokrinoloji, Diyabet ve Obezitede Güncel Görüş 24, no. 1 (Şubat 2017): 9-14. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000299" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

Kairupan, Timothy Sean, Haruka Amitani, Kai-Chun Cheng, Joshua Runtuwene, Akihiro Asakawa ve Akio Inui. "Beslenme Davranışı ve Obezite Tedavisinde Gastrointestinal Hormonların Rolü." Gastroenteroloji Dergisi 51, no. 2 (1 Şubat 2016): 93–103. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-015-1118-4" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

hormonal düzenleme

Hormonlar, nöroendokrin sistemin aktivasyonu yoluyla sindirimin önemli bir bölümünü düzenler. Nöroendokrin sindirim sistemi, hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı olarak sindirimde yer alan çoklu fonksiyonlara sahip birçok farklı hormon içerir.

<h4>Süreç</h4>

Mideden başlayarak, proteinler enterik sinir sisteminin duyusal nöronları tarafından tespit edildiğinde, pilorik bez gastrini serbest bırakmak için uyarılır. Buna karşılık, bu hormon histamin salınımını indükler. Birlikte, sindirimi kolaylaştıran ve yiyecekleri kimus haline getiren hidroklorik asit üretimini başlatırlar. Midenin pH'ı daha asidik hale geldiğinde, negatif bir geri besleme döngüsü her iki hormonun üretimini durdurur.

Kimus daha sonra duodenuma taşınır, burada birkaç hormon salınır ve her biri birden fazla fonksiyona sahiptir. Bazıları midede sindirimi engeller. Gastrik inhibitör peptid (GIP) mide çalkalamasını yavaşlatır. Sekretin mide suyu üretimini inhibe eder ve kolesistokinin (CCK) ile birlikte mide ve duodenum arasındaki pilorik sfinkterin kapanmasına neden olur. Bu, sindirim hızını artırarak duodenumdaki kimus hacmini sınırlar.

Kimus duodenumda olduğunda, secretin pankreastan bikarbonatın salınmasını ister. Bu, duodenumun hassas duvarını koruyarak ve sindirim enzimlerinin çalışabileceği optimal bir ortam oluşturarak, kimusun asitliğini azaltır. Sindirim enzimleri ve safra, CCK tarafından uyarıldığında pankreas ve safra kesesinden salınır ve sindirimin ince bağırsaktan devam etmesine olanak sağlar.

İnce bağırsağın sonunda, tam kimus kalın bağırsağa geçerken ileumda başka bir hormon, peptit YY (PYY) salgılanır. Bu hormon zamanla salınır ve yemekten yaklaşık 1-2 saat sonra zirveye ulaşır. İşlevi, kimusun kalın bağırsağa geçişini yavaşlatmaktır, böylece su ve elektrolitler mümkün olduğunca emilebilir. Aynı zamanda beyne tokluk sinyali gönderir ve vücudun yemeyi bırakabileceğini gösterir. PYY obezitede rol oynayabilir. Obez bireylerde obez olmayan bireylere kıyasla düşük PYY seviyeleri gözlenmiştir. PYY'nin sentetik bir analoğu obezite için olası bir tedavi olarak araştırılmaktadır.

Hormonal Düzenleme

Hormonlar, nöroendokrin sistemin aktivasyonu yoluyla sindirimin önemli bir bölümünü düzenler. Nöroendokrin sindirim sistemi birçok içerir ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biyoloji

Human Biology

İnsan Biyolojisi

Nutrition and Digestion

Beslenme ve Sindirim

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

digestive hormones and stomach control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion.

In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the stomach becomes more acidic, a negative feedback loop stops both hormones.

After chyme enters the duodenum, several hormones are released. Gastric inhibitory peptide, or GIP, slows stomach churning. Secretin lowers gastric juice production and, together with cholecystokinin, or CCK, causes the pyloric sphincter to close between the stomach and duodenum. This limits how much chyme enters the duodenum and helps pace digestion.

Secretin also prompts the pancreas to release bicarbonate. Bicarbonate reduces the acidity of the chyme. This protects the lining of the duodenum and creates the right conditions for digestive enzymes to work. CCK also stimulates the pancreas and gallbladder to release digestive enzymes and bile, so digestion can continue through the small intestine.

Near the end of the small intestine, in the ileum, peptide YY, or PYY, is released as chyme moves toward the large intestine. PYY rises over time and peaks about 1 to 2 hours after eating. It slows chyme movement so water and electrolytes can be absorbed. It also sends a satiety signal to the brain, which helps tell the body to stop eating. Low PYY levels have been seen in obese compared with non-obese individuals, and a synthetic PYY analog is being studied as a possible obesity treatment.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

Small and Large Intestine Functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, and PYY control acid release, enzyme action, and satiety as food moves through the digestive tract.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control | JoVE K12

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9-12.HA.1.10.b

Florida Department of Education

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Life Science

SC.912.L.14

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Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

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