Name: nucleic acids and genetic information
Uploaded: 2020-11-23T11:47:33.000Z
Duration: 3 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

N&#xFC;kleik asitler n&#xFC;kleotidlerin polimerleridir.
 Yani be&#x15F; karbonlu bir &#x15F;eker, bir fosfat grubu ve bir azot baz&#x131;ndan olu&#x15F;an monomerlerin.
 &#x15E;eker molek&#xFC;l&#xFC;ndeki be&#x15F; karbon 1-5 &#xFC;ss&#xFC; &#x15F;eklinde numaralan&#x131;r.
Her i&#x15F;aret hangi grubun ona ba&#x11F;land&#x131;&#x11F;&#x131;n&#x131; g&#xF6;sterir.
 &#xD6;rne&#x11F;in, ikinci karbon bir hidrojen atomuna ba&#x11F;lanarak deoksiriboz &#x15F;eker olu&#x15F;turabilir.
 Deoksiribon&#xFC;kleik asit yani DNA&#x27;daki gibi.
Veya o alanda bir hidroksil grubu ortaya &#xE7;&#x131;k&#x131;p riboz &#x15F;eker olu&#x15F;turabilir.
 Ribon&#xFC;kleik asit yani RNA&#x27;daki gibi.
 Alma&#x15F;&#x131;k fosfat &#x15F;eker omurgas&#x131; olu&#x15F;turmak i&#xE7;in 5 &#xFC;ss&#xFC; karbon fosfat grubuna ba&#x11F;lan&#x131;r.
Bu, bir sonraki n&#xFC;kelotidin 3 &#xFC;ss&#xFC; karbonuna ba&#x11F;lanarak fosfodiester ba&#x11F;la bir zincir olu&#x15F;turur.
 Bu dizili&#x15F;, y&#xF6;nl&#xFC;l&#xFC;&#x11F;&#xFC; gerektirir.
 N&#xFC;kleik asitlerin okunu&#x15F; s&#x131;ralamas&#x131;n&#x131;.
 Tekli zincirde 5 &#xFC;ss&#xFC;nden 3 &#xFC;ss&#xFC;ne.
 Son &#xF6;nemli karbon, 1 &#xFC;ss&#xFC;, bir azot baz&#x131;na ba&#x11F;lan&#x131;r.
 &#x130;ki halka yap&#x131;s&#x131;ndan biriyle.
Sitosin, timin ve urasil gibi pirimidinlerin tek organik halkas&#x131; vard&#x131;r.
 P&#xFC;rinler adenin ve guaninin ise &#xE7;ift halkas&#x131; vard&#x131;r.
 &#x130;ki ayr&#x131; zincirin azot bazlar&#x131; aras&#x131;ndaki hidrojen ba&#x11F;lar&#x131; DNA&#x27;n&#x131;n &#xE7;ift sarmal&#x131;n&#x131; olu&#x15F;turur.
 Guanin daima sitosine ba&#x11F;lan&#x131;r.
 Adenin de timine.
 RNA timinden &#xE7;ok urasil i&#xE7;erir ve tek zincir olarak kal&#x131;r.

Travers, Andrew ve Georgi Muskhelishvili. "DNA Yapısı ve İşlevi." FEBS Dergisi 282, no. 12 (2015): 2279–95. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13307" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

nükleik asitler nedir?

Nucleic Acids

<h4>Genel Bak&#x131;&#x15F;</h4>

N&#xFC;kleik asitler, fosfodiester ba&#x11F;lar&#x131;yla birbirine ba&#x11F;lanm&#x131;&#x15F; uzun n&#xFC;kleotid zincirleridir. &#x130;ki t&#xFC;r n&#xFC;kleik asit vard&#x131;r: deoksiribon&#xFC;kleik asit veya DNA ve ribon&#xFC;kleik asit veya RNA. Hem DNA hem de RNA&#x2019;daki n&#xFC;kleotidler bir &#x15F;eker, bir nitrojen baz&#x131; ve bir fosfat molek&#xFC;l&#xFC;nden olu&#x15F;ur.

<h4>N&#xFC;kleik Asitler H&#xFC;crenin Genetik Malzemesidir</h4>

Bir h&#xFC;crenin kal&#x131;tsal materyali, canl&#x131; organizmalar&#x131;n genetik bilgiyi bir nesilden di&#x11F;erine aktarmas&#x131;n&#x131; sa&#x11F;layan n&#xFC;kleik asitlerden olu&#x15F;ur. &#x130;ki t&#xFC;r n&#xFC;kleik asit vard&#x131;r: deoksiribon&#xFC;kleik asit (DNA) ve ribon&#xFC;kleik asit (RNA). DNA ve RNA, kimyasal bile&#x15F;imlerinde &#xE7;ok az farkl&#x131;l&#x131;k g&#xF6;sterse de tamamen farkl&#x131; biyolojik roller oynarlar.

<h4>N&#xFC;kleik Asitler, N&#xFC;kleotitlerin Polimerleridir</h4>

Kimyasal olarak n&#xFC;kleik asitler, polin&#xFC;kleotidler ve n&#xFC;kleotid zincirleridir. Bir n&#xFC;kleotid &#xFC;&#xE7; bile&#x15F;enden olu&#x15F;ur: bir pentoz &#x15F;ekeri, bir nitrojen baz&#x131; ve bir fosfat grubu. &#x15E;eker ve baz birlikte bir n&#xFC;kleosit olu&#x15F;turur. Bu nedenle, bir n&#xFC;kleotid bazen bir n&#xFC;kleosit monofosfat olarak an&#x131;l&#x131;r. Bir n&#xFC;kleotidin &#xFC;&#xE7; bile&#x15F;eninin her biri, n&#xFC;kleik asitlerin genel birle&#x15F;mesinde &#xF6;nemli bir rol oynar.

Ad&#x131;ndan da anla&#x15F;&#x131;laca&#x11F;&#x131; gibi, bir pentoz &#x15F;ekerinin 1 o , 2 o , 3 o , 4 o ve 5 o olarak etiketlenmi&#x15F; be&#x15F; karbon atomu vard&#x131;r. RNA&#x2019;daki pentoz &#x15F;ekeri ribozdur, yani 2 o karbonu bir hidroksil grubu ta&#x15F;&#x131;r. DNA&#x2019;daki &#x15F;eker deoksiribozdur, yani 2 o karbonu bir hidrojen atomuna ba&#x11F;l&#x131;d&#x131;r. &#x15E;eker, nitrojen baz&#x131;na 1 o karbonda ve fosfat molek&#xFC;l&#xFC;ne 5 o karbonda ba&#x11F;lan&#x131;r.

<h4>N&#xFC;kleotidler, Fosfodiester Ba&#x11F;lar&#x131; ile Birbirine Ba&#x11F;lan&#x131;r</h4>

Bir n&#xFC;kleotidin 5 o karbonuna ba&#x11F;l&#x131; fosfat molek&#xFC;l&#xFC;, iki n&#xFC;kleotidi birbirine ba&#x11F;layarak ba&#x15F;ka bir n&#xFC;kleotidin 3 o hidroksil grubu ile kovalent bir ba&#x11F; olu&#x15F;turabilir. Bu kovalent ba&#x11F;a fosfodiester ba&#x11F;&#x131; denir. N&#xFC;kleotidler aras&#x131;ndaki fosfodiester ba&#x11F;&#x131;, bir polin&#xFC;kleotid zincirinde de&#x11F;i&#x15F;en bir &#x15F;eker ve fosfat omurgas&#x131; olu&#x15F;turur. Bir n&#xFC;kleotidin 5 o ucunu di&#x11F;erinin 3 o ucuna ba&#x11F;lamak, DNA replikasyonu ve RNA sentezinde anahtar rol oynayan polin&#xFC;kleotid zincirine y&#xF6;nl&#xFC;l&#xFC;k kazand&#x131;r&#x131;r. Polin&#xFC;kleotid zincirinin 3 o ucu olarak adland&#x131;r&#x131;lan bir ucunda, &#x15F;ekerin serbest bir 3 o hidroksil grubu vard&#x131;r. Di&#x11F;er u&#xE7;ta, 5 o ucunda, &#x15F;ekerin serbest bir 5 o fosfat grubu vard&#x131;r.

<h4>Pirimidinler ve Purinler, Azot Bazlar&#x131;n&#x131;n &#x130;ki Ana S&#x131;n&#x131;f&#x131;d&#x131;r</h4>

Azot bazlar&#x131;, karbon ve nitrojen atomlar&#x131;ndan olu&#x15F;an bir veya iki halka i&#xE7;eren molek&#xFC;llerdir. Bu molek&#xFC;llere &#x201C;bazlar&#x201D; denir &#xE7;&#xFC;nk&#xFC; kimyasal olarak baziktirler ve hidrojen iyonlar&#x131;na ba&#x11F;lanabilirler. &#x130;ki s&#x131;n&#x131;f nitrojen baz&#x131; vard&#x131;r: pirimidinler ve p&#xFC;rinler. Pirimidinler alt&#x131; &#xFC;yeli bir halka yap&#x131;s&#x131;na sahipken, p&#xFC;rinler be&#x15F; &#xFC;yeli bir halkaya kayna&#x15F;m&#x131;&#x15F; alt&#x131; &#xFC;yeli bir halkadan olu&#x15F;ur. Pirimidinler aras&#x131;nda sitozin (C), timin (T) ve urasil (U) bulunur. P&#xFC;rinler aras&#x131;nda adenin (A) ve guanin (G) bulunur.

Sitozin, adenin ve guanin hem DNA&#x2019;da hem de RNA&#x2019;da bulunur. Bununla birlikte, timin DNA&#x2019;ya &#xF6;zg&#xFC;d&#xFC;r ve urasil yaln&#x131;zca RNA&#x2019;da bulunur. P&#xFC;rinler ve pirimidinler, bir yapbozun par&#xE7;alar&#x131;na benzeyen tamamlay&#x131;c&#x131; kimyasal gruplar&#x131;n varl&#x131;&#x11F;&#x131;na ba&#x11F;l&#x131; olarak belirli bir modelde birbirleriyle hidrojen ba&#x11F;lar&#x131; olu&#x15F;turabilir. Normal h&#xFC;cresel ko&#x15F;ullar alt&#x131;nda, adenin, timin (DNA&#x2019;da) veya urasil (RNA&#x2019;da) ile hidrojen ba&#x11F;lar&#x131; olu&#x15F;tururken, guanin, sitozin ile hidrojen ba&#x11F;lar&#x131; olu&#x15F;turur. Bu tamamlay&#x131;c&#x131; baz e&#x15F;le&#x15F;mesi, DNA yap&#x131;s&#x131; ve i&#x15F;levi i&#xE7;in kritik &#xF6;neme sahiptir.

<h4>DNA ve RNA&#x2019;n&#x131;n Yap&#x131;s&#x131;</h4>

DNA, h&#xFC;cre i&#xE7;inde &#xE7;ift sarmal bir yap&#x131;ya sahiptir. Bir &#xE7;ift sarmal, sarmal (yani sarmal) bir &#x15F;ekilde birbirinin etraf&#x131;nda dolanan, sarmal ad&#x131; verilen iki polin&#xFC;kleotit zincirinden olu&#x15F;ur. &#x130;ki &#x15F;erit z&#x131;t y&#xF6;ndedir veya birbirine &#x201C;antiparaleldir&#x201D;, yani bu, bir ipli&#x11F;in 5 o ucu, di&#x11F;erinin 3 o ucuna yak&#x131;n oldu&#x11F;u anlam&#x131;na gelir. &#x130;ki iplik, tamamlay&#x131;c&#x131; baz e&#x15F;le&#x15F;tirmesi yoluyla bir arada tutulur (&#xF6;rne&#x11F;in, guanin ile sitozin).

Bir DNA &#xE7;ift sarmal&#x131;nda, &#x15F;eker&#x2014;fosfat omurgas&#x131; d&#x131;&#x15F;ar&#x131;da bulunurken, hidrojen ba&#x11F;l&#x131; bazlar i&#xE7; k&#x131;s&#x131;mdad&#x131;r. RNA, &#xE7;o&#x11F;unlukla tek sarmall&#x131; bir molek&#xFC;l olarak ortaya &#xE7;&#x131;kar. Tek RNA sarmal&#x131;, sarmal i&#xE7;i tamamlay&#x131;c&#x131; baz e&#x15F;le&#x15F;mesi yoluyla yerelle&#x15F;tirilmi&#x15F; ikincil yap&#x131;lar olu&#x15F;turabilir. Farkl&#x131; RNA tiplerinin ikincil yap&#x131;lar&#x131;, h&#xFC;cre i&#xE7;inde farkl&#x131; i&#x15F;levlere sahiptir.

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#x27;s genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its ...

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Nucleic Acids and Genetic Information

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Nucleic Acids and Genetic Information

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