Name: superconductors and magnetic levitation
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:52.000Z
Duration: 1 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Physics

PH.9

PH.9.g

Types Of Superconductors

Herhangi bir süper iletken malzeme üzerine kalıcı bir mıknatıs yerleştirildiğinde, Meissner etkisi nedeniyle mıknatıs itilir ve sabit bir konumda havaya kalkar. Süperiletkenler, davranışlarına ve özelliklerine göre Tip I ve Tip II gruplara ayrılır.
Tip I süper iletkenler, oda sıcaklığında çalıştırıldığında iletken görevi görür. Bununla birlikte, kritik sıcaklığın altına soğutulduğunda, maddenin içindeki moleküler hareket azalır ve akımın mümkün olduğunca serbestçe akmasına izin verilir.
Tipik olarak cıva, çinko, alüminyum, kurşun vb. gibi saf metallerden oluşurlar ve düşük kritik manyetik alana sahipken Meissner etkisine tamamen uyarlar.
Tip II süper iletkenler, ara sıcaklıklarda ve süper iletken fazların üzerindeki alanlarda karışık sıradan ve süper iletken özelliklere sahip bir ara faz sergiler.
Tipik olarak elementel niyobyum, vanadyum, teknesyum ve metal alaşımları veya kompleks oksitler içerirler.
Tip-II süper iletkenler kısmen Meissner etkisine uyar ve iki kritik manyetik alana sahiptir.

<ol>
	<li>Stax'ı açın. (2019). Üniversite Fiziği Cilt 2. [Web versiyonu], Sayfa 396 - 398. <a href="https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-6-superconductors" adresinden alındı>https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-6-superconductors</a></li>
</ol>

süperiletkenlerin türleri

Bir süperiletken, kritik bir sıcaklığın altına düştüğünde elektrik akımına sıfır direnç sunan bir maddedir. Malzemeler geçiş sıcaklıklarına ulaştığında sıfır direnç sunmanın yanı sıra başka ilginç fenomenler de ortaya çıkar. İkinci bir etki olarak manyetik alanların dışarıya itilmesi gözlemlenir, bu Meissner etkisi olarak bilinir. Süperiletken bir örneğin üzerine yerleştirilen hafif, kalıcı mıknatıs, süperiletkenin üzerinde istikrarlı bir şekilde süzülür. Güçlü süperiletken mıknatıslar üzerinde süzülen yüksek hızlı trenler geliştirilmiş olup, tren ile raylar arasında normalde yaşanan sürtünmeyi ortadan kaldırır. 3 Nisan 1997 tarihinde Japonya'da Yamanashi Maglev test hattı resmi olarak açıldı ve Nisan 2015'te MLX01 test aracı, güçlü süperiletken mıknatıslar kullanarak saatte 374 mph hızına ulaştı.

Süperiletkenler, Tip I ve Tip II süperiletkenler olmak üzere kategorilere ayrılabilir.

Otuz saf maden, kritik sıcaklıklarının altında sıfır dirençlilik gösterir ve Meissner etkisine sahiptir. Süperiletken iç kısmından manyetik alanların dışarıya itilmesi özelliğine sahipken kritik sıcaklık altında süperiletkenliği korur. Bu metaller Tip I süperiletkenler olarak adlandırılır. Süperiletkenlik sadece kritik sıcaklıklarının altında ve kritik manyetik alan şiddetinin altında mevcuttur. Tip I süperiletkenlerin pratik uygulamalarda sınırlı kullanımı vardır çünkü süperiletkenliği yok etmek için gereken kritik manyetik alanın gücü oldukça düşüktür.

Tip II süperiletkenler, çok daha yüksek kritik manyetik alanlara sahiptir ve süperiletken durumda kalırken çok daha yüksek akım yoğunlukları taşıyabilirler. Barium-bakır-oksid içeren çeşitli seramik malzemeler, süperiletken bir duruma geçiş için daha yüksek kritik sıcaklıklara sahiptir. Tip II süperiletkenlerin bu alt kategorisine dahil olan süperiletken malzemeler genellikle yüksek-temperatureli süperiletkenler olarak kategorize edilir.

Süperiletkenlerin Türleri

Süper iletken, kritik bir sıcaklığın altına düştüğünde elektrik akımına sıfır direnç gösteren bir maddedir. Sıfır direnç değil ...

Education

JoVE Core

Fizik

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Electromagnetic Induction

Elektromanyetik İndüksiyon

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

superconductors and magnetic levitation

Superconductors are materials that can carry electric current with zero resistance when they are cooled below a critical temperature. At this point, they also show the Meissner effect, which means they push magnetic fields out of their interior. A light permanent magnet can then levitate in a stable position above the superconducting sample.

This magnetic levitation has real uses. High-speed trains have been built with strong superconducting magnets so they can float above the track and avoid friction. The Yamanashi Maglev test line in Japan opened on April 3, 1997. In April 2015, the MLX01 test vehicle reached 374 mph using strong superconducting magnets.

Superconductors are grouped into Type I and Type II superconductors. Type I superconductors are about thirty pure metals that show zero resistivity below their critical temperature and also display the Meissner effect. They work only below their critical temperature and below a critical magnetic field strength. Because that critical magnetic field is low, Type I superconductors have limited practical use.

Type II superconductors can stay superconducting in much higher magnetic fields. They can also carry much higher current densities while remaining in the superconducting state. Many ceramic superconductors that contain barium-copper-oxide fall into this group. These materials often have much higher critical temperatures, so they are often called high-temperature superconductors.

Superconductors and Magnetic Levitation

induction

Magnetic Flux and Induced Current

Magnetic flux and induced current are linked when a magnetic field changes near a coil. Moving a bar magnet into or out of a coil induces an emf, which is an electromotive force. If the motion goes in the opposite direction, the emf has the opposite sign. Reversing the magnet poles also reverses the direction of the induced emf. The same effect appears when the coil moves instead of the magnet. Relative motion is what matters. A faster motion produces a larger emf. If the magnet and coil stay...

ampere-maxwell's law: problem-solving

Displacement Current in an RC Circuit

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differential form of maxwell's equations

Maxwell’s Equations at a Point

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dc generator

How a DC Generator Makes Current

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magnetic damping

Eddy Currents and Magnetic Braking

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superconductor

Superconductor Critical Temperature

Superconductivity is the state in which a material has no electrical resistance and magnetic fields cannot penetrate it. A material that reaches this state is called a superconductor. The key idea in the transcript is the critical temperature, which is the temperature at which the change happens. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University first observed this behavior in mercury in 1911. He cooled a mercury sample in liquid helium to study how resistance changed with temperature. As the...

types of superconductors

Superconductors are materials that can carry electric current with zero resistance when they are cooled below a critical temperature. At this point, they also show the Meissner effect, which means they push magnetic fields out of their interior. A light permanent magnet can then levitate in a stable position above the superconducting sample. This magnetic levitation has real uses. High-speed trains have been built with strong superconducting magnets so they can float above the track and avoid...

faraday's law

Magnetic Flux and Induced Emf

Faraday’s law connects magnetic flux changes to induced emf, or voltage. A change in the magnetic field or in the coil’s orientation with respect to the field can produce this voltage. Magnetic flux describes how many magnetic field lines pass through a given surface area.

lenz's law

Magnet Motion and Induced Current

Magnet motion and induced current are linked by Lenz’s law. The law says that the induced emf, or electromotive force, drives current around a wire loop in a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux that caused it. A moving bar magnet can create this effect in a coil. If the magnet moves toward the coil, the magnetic flux increases and an induced current appears. That current produces a magnetic field that pushes against the stronger field from the magnet. The same idea works in...

motional emf

Induced Current from Changing Magnetic Flux

Induced current from changing magnetic flux depends on how a magnetic field interacts with an area. Magnetic flux changes when the field strength changes, when the area it passes through changes, or when the field turns relative to the surface. When any of these factors vary, the magnetic flux also varies. A change in area can happen in two common ways. The flux through a rectangular loop increases as the loop moves into a magnetic field. The magnetic flux through a rotating coil also changes...

faraday disk dynamo

Faraday Disk Dynamo and DC Output

A Faraday disk dynamo is a DC generator that produces an emf constant in time. It uses a conducting disk that spins at constant angular velocity in a magnetic field. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the disk. As the disk rotates, the magnetic flux changes and an emf is induced. This causes opposite charges to build up at the rim and at the center of the disk. The direction of the induced emf depends on the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of rotation. If...

induced electric fields

Faraday’s Law and Induced EMF

Faraday’s law explains how a changing magnetic flux can create an induced emf in a circuit. When current is induced, work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wire. That work must come from a source, and the source is not a battery or a magnetic field. A battery does not have to be present in a circuit for current to be induced. Magnetic fields also do not do work on moving charges. Instead, the change in magnetic flux produces an electric field in the wire. This is called an...

induced electric fields: applications

Electric Fields from Changing Magnetism

An electric field can be induced by a changing magnetic field. This induced electric field is nonconservative, which means it does not do net work when a charge moves around a closed path. That behavior is different from an electrostatic field, which comes from a fixed charge distribution. An electrostatic field is conservative, so it does no net work over a closed path. Because of this difference, electric potential can be linked to the electrostatic field, but not to the induced field. When...

eddy currents

Eddy Currents in Recycling, Brakes, and Heat

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displacement current

Maxwell’s Fix for Changing Currents

Maxwell’s correction to Ampère’s law explains how changing electric fields can create magnetic fields. The key idea is the displacement current, Id, which Maxwell added to the real conduction current, I. This extra term helps the law work when current is not steady. The displacement current is defined using the permittivity of free space, ε0, and the electric flux, ΦE. It is not a real flow of charge. Instead, it is an added term in Maxwell’s equations that acts like current in Ampère’s law. <br...

significance of displacement current

Maxwell’s Fix for Charging Capacitors

Maxwell’s fix for a charging capacitor is the displacement current in Ampère’s law. A displacement current is not a flow of charge like conduction current. It comes from a changing electric field. That is why it is defined using a time-varying electric field and has its own displacement current density. Maxwell added this term to the original Ampère’s law. The result is called generalized Ampère’s law. The added displacement current term lets the law work in regions where no charges are moving.

electromagnetic fields

Electric and Magnetic Fields in Motion

Electric and magnetic fields can come from different sources, but they can act in surprisingly similar ways. Static charges create electrostatic fields. These fields are conservative, which means a test charge does no net work after moving around a complete loop. Fields made by changing magnetic fields behave differently. They are not conservative, and they do net work on a charge. That work is proportional to how fast the magnetic flux changes. These fields also do not follow Gauss’s law for...

maxwell's equation of electromagnetism

Maxwell's Equations and Light Waves

Maxwell's equations bring electricity, magnetism, and light together in one electromagnetic theory. James Clerk Maxwell was a major nineteenth-century physicist, and his work helped shape modern physics. He also made important contributions to the kinetic theory of gases, color vision, and the study of Saturn's rings. Maxwell built on earlier experiments in electricity and magnetism from Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday. These physicists had discovered the basic laws separately. Maxwell...

symmetry in maxwell's equations

Electric and Magnetic Field Symmetry

Electric and magnetic field symmetry is a key part of Maxwell's equations. After the fields are calculated with Maxwell's four equations, the Lorentz force equation gives the force those fields exert on a charged particle moving at a certain velocity. The Lorentz force law combines the effect of the electric field and the magnetic field on the moving charge. Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law together describe electricity and magnetism. The symmetry in Maxwell's framework is easier...

electric generator: alternator

How Alternators Produce AC Power

Alternators produce alternating current by rotating a conducting loop in a magnetic field. As the loop turns inside the field, the magnetic flux through the coil changes with time. That changing flux induces an emf, or electric voltage, in the circuit. A simple alternator uses a loop placed in a uniform magnetic field. The loop connects to split rings, and brushes carry the current to the external circuit. As the loop rotates, the magnetic flux changes sinusoidally, so the induced emf also...

back emf

Motor Current and Speed Changes

Motor current and speed changes are linked by back emf in an electric motor. A motor sends current through a wire loop in a magnetic field. The magnetic field pushes on the loop and creates torque, which turns a shaft and does mechanical work. As the coil turns, the magnetic flux through it changes. That changing flux induces an emf, or voltage, by Faraday’s law. The motor then acts like a generator whenever its coil rotates, whether the shaft is turned by an external drive or by the motor...

key terms and concepts

Learn how superconductors show zero resistance, the Meissner effect, and magnetic levitation, then compare Type I and Type II superconductors.

Superconductors and Magnetic Levitation | JoVE K12

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Superconductors and Magnetic Levitation

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