Name: planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:20:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

Planctomycetes iki takıma ayrılır - Planctomycetales ve Brocadiales. Bu Gram negatif bakteriler benzersiz özellikler sergiler. Tomurcuklanarak bölünürler. Bazılarının sapları veya uzantıları vardır, diğerleri ise rozet benzeri hücre düzenlemeleri oluşturur. Bazı türlerin hücre zarflarında bir S tabakası vardır. Tüm Planctomycetes, ökaryotik organellere benzeyen hücre içi bölmeler gösterir. Nükleoid, ribozomlar ve diğer sitoplazmik bileşenleri içeren birim olmayan zarla çevrili bölmeler olan pirellulozomlar olarak bilinen özel yapılar üretirler. Gemmata cinsinde, nükleoid, hücre zarının istilaları ile daha da çevrelenir ve gerçek bir birim zarla çevrili bir yapı oluşturur. Isosphaera cinsi, kaplıcalarda bulunan ipliksi, kayan bir bakteridir. Kayda değer ek bir bölme olan anammoksozom, Brocadia anammoxidans gibi Brocadiales takımının üyelerinde bulunur. Anammoksozom, bir tür kemolitoototrofi olan amonyağın anaerobik oksidasyonunu kolaylaştırır. Bu reaksiyonun toksik hidrazin ara maddesi, sitoplazmik bileşenleri koruyan benzersiz lipid zarı içinde bulunur.

bakteri filumu: planctomycetes

Bacterial Phylum Planctomycetes 

Planctomycetes, morfolojik olarak farkl&#305; bakterilerden olu&#351;an bir gruptur ve a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak Planctomycetales ve Brocadiales olmak &#252;zere iki tak&#305;ma s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. Bu Gram-negatif bakteriler, tomurcuklanarak b&#246;l&#252;nme ve h&#252;crelerinde sap veya uzant&#305; olu&#351;umu gibi kendine &#246;zg&#252; &#246;zellikler g&#246;sterir. H&#252;creleri s&#305;kl&#305;kla rozet benzeri k&#252;meler h&#226;linde bulunur. Ayr&#305;ca, h&#252;cre zarlar&#305;nda bulunan S-tabakas&#305; (S-layer) ile dikkat &#231;ekerler; bu yap&#305; bakteriler aras&#305;nda nispeten nadir g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r. Planctomycetes'ler ayr&#305;ca, &#246;karyotik organelleri and&#305;ran h&#252;cre i&#231;i kompartmanlar g&#246;stermeleriyle de tan&#305;n&#305;rlar.
Normalde prokaryotlar ve &#246;karyotlar h&#252;cresel yap&#305;lar&#305; bak&#305;m&#305;ndan olduk&#231;a farkl&#305;d&#305;r; ancak Planctomycetes bu ayr&#305;m&#305; sorgulatan bir &#246;zellik olan h&#252;cresel b&#246;l&#252;mlenme g&#246;sterir. &#214;karyotik h&#252;crelerde zarla &#231;evrili bir &#231;ekirdek bulunurken, prokaryotik DNA sitoplazmada n&#252;kleotit ad&#305; verilen yo&#287;un bir b&#246;lgede yer al&#305;r. Planctomycetes ise, pirellulosom olarak bilinen &#246;zel yap&#305;lar &#252;retir; bu yap&#305;lar, n&#252;kleotid, ribozomlar ve di&#287;er sitoplazmik bile&#351;enleri i&#231;eren, zarla &#231;evrili olmayan komponantlerdir.
Planctomyces'in ya&#351;am d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252; tomurcuklanma i&#231;erir. Hareketli swarmer h&#252;creler, bir y&#252;zeye tutunur, bu b&#246;lgede bir sap geli&#351;tirir ve kar&#351;&#305; kutuptan tomurcuklanma yoluyla yeni bir h&#252;cre &#252;retir. Bu yavru h&#252;cre, bir flagellum (kamp&#231;&#305;) geli&#351;tirir, ana h&#252;creden ayr&#305;l&#305;r ve yeni bir d&#246;ng&#252; ba&#351;lat&#305;r. Fizyolojik olarak, Planctomyces t&#252;rleri fak&#252;ltatif aerop olup hem solunumla hem de &#351;ekerlerin fermantasyonuyla geli&#351;ebilir. Tatl&#305; su ve deniz ekosistemleri d&#226;hil olmak &#252;zere &#231;e&#351;itli sucul ortamlarda ya&#351;arlar. Planctomyces&#8217;in bir akrabas&#305; olan Isosphaera cinsi, s&#305;cak su kaynaklar&#305;nda bulunan, filament&#246;z ve kayarak hareket eden bir bakteridir. Planctomyces ve akrabalar&#305;n&#305;n izolasyonu genellikle d&#252;&#351;&#252;k besinli ortamlar gerektirir.
Gemmata gibi baz&#305; cinslerde, n&#252;kleoit, h&#252;cre zar&#305;n&#305;n i&#231;e k&#305;vr&#305;lmas&#305;yla (invaginasyon) daha da &#231;evrelenmi&#351; bir yap&#305; halini al&#305;r ve bu yap&#305;, ger&#231;ek bir birim zarla (unit membrane) ku&#351;at&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu yap&#305;sal karma&#351;&#305;kl&#305;&#287;a ra&#287;men, DNA, bakteriyel genomlara &#246;zg&#252; olan kovalent kapal&#305;, sirk&#252;ler ve s&#252;perkoil durumda kalmaya devam eder. 
Brocadiales tak&#305;m&#305; &#252;yelerinde, &#246;rne&#287;in Brocadia anammoxidans gibi t&#252;rlerde, dikkat &#231;ekici ek bir kompartman olan anammoksozom bulunur. Bu yap&#305;, amonya&#287;&#305;n anaerobik oksidasyonunu (anammoks) ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirir ve bu metabolik s&#252;re&#231; s&#305;ras&#305;nda olu&#351;an toksik ara &#252;r&#252;nlerden h&#252;creyi korumak amac&#305;yla, kendine &#246;zg&#252; bir lipid zar ile &#231;evrilmi&#351;tir.
Planctomyces, bu &#351;ube (filum) i&#231;erisinde en kapsaml&#305; &#351;ekilde incelenmi&#351; cinslerden biridir. Sapl&#305; bakteri Caulobacter&#8217;e benzer &#351;ekilde, Planctomyces t&#252;rleri de bir sap (stalk) yap&#305;s&#305;na sahiptir; ancak bu yap&#305;n&#305;n yap&#305;sal &#246;zellikleri farkl&#305;d&#305;r: H&#252;cre duvar&#305; ya da sitoplazma i&#231;ermeyen, tamamen proteinden olu&#351;mu&#351; bir yap&#305;d&#305;r. Bu sap, &#246;ncelikli olarak y&#252;zeylere tutunma mekanizmas&#305; olarak i&#351;lev g&#246;r&#252;r ve Caulobacter&#8217;in prosthekal sap&#305;ndan daha ince bir yap&#305;dad&#305;r.

Bakteri filumu: Planctomycetes

Planctomycetes, morfolojik olarak farkl&#305; bakterilerden olu&#351;an bir gruptur ve a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak Planctomycetales ve ...

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planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle

Planctomycetes are a group of gram-negative bacteria known for unusual cell structures and a distinctive life cycle. They are mainly placed in two orders, Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. Many cells show stalks or other appendages and often appear in rosette groups.

A key feature of these bacteria is their cell envelope. Planctomycetes have an S-layer, a surface layer that is relatively uncommon in bacteria. They also divide by budding, which is different from the simple cell split seen in many other bacteria.

Planctomycetes are also known for internal compartments that resemble parts of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus, while prokaryotes usually keep DNA in a nucleoid in the cytoplasm. In Planctomycetes, special compartments called pirellulosomes contain the nucleoid, ribosomes, and other cytoplasmic material.

The life cycle of Planctomyces begins with a motile swarmer cell attaching to a surface. A stalk forms at the attachment site, and a new cell then develops at the opposite pole by budding. The daughter cell grows a flagellum, leaves the mother cell, and starts the cycle again. Planctomyces species are facultative aerobes, so they can grow by respiration or by fermenting sugars, and they live in freshwater and marine environments. Low-nutrient media are usually needed to isolate Planctomyces and its relatives.

Some related bacteria show even more unusual structures. Isosphaera is a filamentous, gliding bacterium found in hot springs. In Gemmata, the nucleoid is further surrounded by membrane invaginations, so it has a true unit membrane around it. Even so, the DNA remains a covalently closed, circular, and supercoiled bacterial genome.

Members of Brocadiales include Brocadia anammoxidans, which has an anammoxosome. This compartment supports anaerobic oxidation of ammonia and is protected by a special lipid membrane that helps block toxic intermediates made during the process. Planctomyces is one of the best-studied genera in the phylum. It has a stalk like Caulobacter, but the Planctomyces stalk is made of protein only and does not contain cell wall or cytoplasm. Its main role is attachment, and it is thinner than the prosthecal stalk of Caulobacter.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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key terms and concepts

Explore Planctomycetes cell structure, budding division, stalks, and unique compartments like pirellulosomes and anammoxosomes in this high school biology video.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

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Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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