2.4
Hastalıkların Sınıflandırılması
Hastalığın anlamı, sağlığında bir değişiklik yaşayan her kişi için bireyseldir. Buna karşılık hastalık, bedenin veya zihnin yapısında ve işlevinde pat…
Hastalık genel olarak akut ve kronik olarak sınıflandırılır. Akut hastalık ani bir başlangıç, hızlı ilerleme ve kısa sürelidir - örneğin, bronşit ve kırık.
Tersine, kronik hastalık yavaş gelişir ve uzun bir süre devam eder - örneğin, diyabet ve hipertansiyon.
Hastalık davranışı, bireyin kendini hasta hissettiği ve buna göre davrandığı durumu tanımlar.
Daha da ileri giderek, hastalık davranışının dört farklı aşamasına bir göz atalım.
Belirtilerin ifade edilmesi, bireylerin sağlık tanımlarından sapma hissettikleri ve öz bakımları ile rahatlamaya çalıştıkları ilk aşamadır.
Öz bakımın yeterli olmadığı durumlarda birey tanı ve tedavi için tıbbi yardım ister ve hasta rolünü üstlenerek ikinci aşamaya geçer.
Üçüncü aşamada, bağımlı bir rol üstlenen birey, tanıyı kabul etmeye, tedaviyi takip etmeye ve sağlığa ulaşmaya doğru ilerlemeye çalışır.
Son aşama, bireyin bağımlılıktan vazgeçmesi, rutin aktivitelerini gerçekleştirmeye başlaması ve bağımsız olarak yaşaması beklenen iyileşme ve rehabilitasyondur.
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Q1: What is the difference between acute and chronic illness?
Acute illness has an abrupt onset, rapid progression, and short duration, such as bronchitis or fracture. Chronic illness develops slowly and persists for an extended period, lasting longer than six months, such as diabetes or hypertension. Chronic illness may involve severe relapses and periods of remission and exacerbation.
Q2: How does illness differ from disease in nursing practice?
Disease is a medical term indicating pathological changes in body or mind structure and function with specific symptoms and boundaries. Illness is an individualized response to disease where a person's level of functioning changes compared with a previous level. Understanding concepts of health and illness helps nurses recognize how patients experience health alterations differently.
Q3: What happens during the symptoms experience stage of illness behavior?
During symptoms experience, a person identifies physical limitations or sensations but does not suspect a particular diagnosis. This stage involves physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects, such as perception of pain, lumps, or anxiety. The individual may attempt self-care to relieve symptoms before seeking medical help.
Q4: What is the sick role and when does a person assume it?
The sick role is assumed when symptoms continue and become severe, making illness a social phenomenon. At this point, individuals seek confirmation from family and social groups regarding their symptoms. Assuming the sick role represents the transition from self-care attempts to recognizing the need for professional medical intervention.
Q5: What characterizes the dependent patient role in illness behavior?
In the dependent patient role, individuals rely on healthcare professionals to ease symptoms and adopt dependency in healthcare institutions, homes, or community settings. Patients must adjust to disruption of their daily schedule and follow treatment recommendations. This stage emphasizes acceptance of diagnosis and movement toward achieving health through professional care.
Q6: How does recovery differ between acute and chronic illness?
Recovery duration in acute illness is generally short and rapid, making it relatively easy to return to former lifestyle. In contrast, recovery time in chronic illness is long and complex, requiring therapy to learn significant adjustments in functioning. Understanding levels of health promotion and illness prevention supports patient recovery planning.
Q7: What role does medical care contact play in illness behavior?
During medical care contact, individuals seek advice from health professionals to validate illness, explain symptoms, reassure, or predict outcomes and treatment. This stage represents the formal entry into the healthcare system after self-care proves insufficient. Professional validation helps individuals transition from symptom experience to assuming appropriate sick role responsibilities.