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Mass is the amount of matter contained in an object and remains constant regardless of location. Weight, however, is mass affected by gravitational pull and varies depending on gravity's strength. For example, a piece of cheese weighs less on the moon than on Earth because the moon's gravity is weaker, even though its mass stays the same.

The human body is primarily composed of four fundamental elements: oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N). These elements are derived from the foods we eat and the air we breathe. All elements in our body come from these natural sources and combine to form the compounds necessary for life.

Physical properties, such as mass, color, volume, density, and melting point, can be observed and measured without changing a substance's identity or composition. Chemical properties, including flammability, acidity, and toxicity, are measured only when the substance undergoes a change in chemical composition. Understanding these distinctions helps classify and identify different types of matter.

Matter exists in three states within the human body: solids like bones and teeth, liquids such as blood and urine, and gases including oxygen and carbon dioxide. Each state represents matter with different physical characteristics while maintaining the same fundamental composition of atoms and elements.

Pure substances have constant composition and all specimens have identical properties. They include elements and compounds joined by chemical bonds. Mixtures contain two or more types of matter in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes like evaporation. Homogeneous mixtures appear uniform throughout, while heterogeneous mixtures vary in composition from point to point.

Understanding physical and chemical properties allows scientists to classify, identify, and purify specific types of matter. Properties like melting point, freezing point, flammability, and acidity serve as identifying characteristics. This knowledge is essential for distinguishing between different substances and determining how matter will behave in various conditions.

An atom is the smallest quantity of an element that retains the unique properties of that element. Each element is composed of unique atoms that define its characteristics. Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all matter, combining to form the elements and compounds that make up everything in the natural world.