17.13
Ritim
Müziğin çalışılması, dalgalanmaların üstünlüğü ve ortaya çıkan yapıcı ve yıkıcı girişimlerin birçok örneğini sunar. Çalınan müzik örneklerinin çok azı…
Eşit genlikli ve biraz farklı frekanslara sahip iki ses dalgası birbiriyle etkileşime girdiğinde, belirli bir konumda ortaya çıkan dalga için yer değiştirme denklemi belirlenebilir. Yoğunluğu zamanla dönüşümlü olarak yükselir ve düşer.
Zaman ekseninin toplam uzunluğu bir saniyeyi temsil eder. İki dalga aynı fazda olduğunda, genlikleri toplanır.
Ve iki dalga tam olarak faz dışı olduğunda, toplam genlik sıfırdır.
Zamanla ses yoğunluğundaki bu periyodik değişim vuruşları oluşturur.
Ortaya çıkan dalga, bir saniyede iki maksimum ve iki minimumdan geçen, değişen genliğe sahip tek bir sinüzoidal dalga gibi görünür. Bu genlik değişiminin frekansı iki hertz'dir.
Saniyede duyulan vuruş sayısına vuruş frekansı denir ve ses dalgalarının frekans farkına eşittir.
Ardışık iki vuruş arasındaki zaman aralığı, vuruş frekansının tersi olan vuruş periyodu olarak tanımlanır.
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Q1: What happens when two sound waves of slightly different frequencies interfere with each other?
When two sound waves of equal amplitude and slightly different frequencies interfere, their displacement creates a resultant wave with varying amplitude. The intensity rises and falls alternately as the waves move in and out of phase. This periodic variation in sound intensity with time forms beats, producing a single sinusoidal wave that appears to pulse in loudness.
Q2: How is beat frequency defined and calculated?
Beat frequency is the number of beats heard per second and equals the difference between the frequencies of the two interfering sound waves. For example, if one wave has a frequency of 440 Hz and another has 442 Hz, the beat frequency is 2 Hz. The beat period, which is the time interval between successive beats, is the inverse of the beat frequency.
Q3: Why do beats occur when sound waves are in and out of phase?
Beats result from constructive and destructive interference between waves. When the two waves are in phase, their amplitudes add together, creating maximum intensity. When exactly out of phase, the total amplitude becomes zero. This alternating pattern of constructive and destructive interference produces the characteristic amplitude variation that creates the beating sound effect.
Q4: What does the resultant wave look like when beats are formed?
The resultant wave appears as a single sinusoidal wave with varying amplitude that goes through two maxima and two minima in one second when the beat frequency is 2 Hz. The wave oscillates between loud and quiet, with the amplitude envelope rising and falling periodically. This creates the characteristic pulsing or throbbing sound that listeners perceive as beats.
Q5: How do piano tuners use beats to tune instruments?
Piano tuners strike a tuning fork and play a note on the piano simultaneously. As they adjust the piano string, the beat frequency decreases as the note's frequency approaches the tuning fork's frequency. When the frequencies match, the beats disappear entirely. This method works because beats between two tones can be heard up to approximately 6 or 7 Hz, making small frequency differences audible.
Q6: Why must multi-engine aircraft propellers be synchronized?
If propeller frequencies are not synchronized, the sound waves from different engines interfere and create annoying beats heard as loud throbbing sounds. Synchronization prevents this unwanted beat phenomenon. Some aircraft use electronic systems for synchronization, while others rely on pilots adjusting engine speeds by ear, similar to the piano tuning process.
Q7: What role does constructive and destructive interference play in creating beats?
Beats are a direct result of constructive and destructive interference between two slightly different frequencies. Constructive interference occurs when waves align, amplifying the sound, while destructive interference occurs when they oppose each other, reducing the sound. The periodic cycling between these two interference states creates the amplitude modulation characteristic of beats.