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In an autoimmune disorder, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues by activating self-reactive T and B cells. This occurs because the immune system fails to distinguish self-cells from foreign substances. The attack on self-tissues causes inflammation and damage, leading to various symptoms depending on which organs or tissues are affected.

Autoimmune diseases result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Genetic susceptibility involves specific genes like human leukocyte antigen genes. Environmental triggers include infections, toxins, and dietary components such as gluten in celiac disease. Hormonal factors also play a role, with some autoimmune diseases more prevalent in women, particularly during reproductive years.

Over 80 known autoimmune diseases exist. Common examples include rheumatoid arthritis, which attacks joints; type 1 diabetes, targeting insulin-producing pancreatic cells; multiple sclerosis, affecting nerve fiber protective coverings; systemic lupus erythematosus, impacting multiple organs; and celiac disease, triggered by gluten consumption and affecting the small intestine lining.

Although there is no permanent cure for autoimmune diseases, various treatments can manage symptoms and control the autoimmune process. Treatment options include medications like corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs to reduce inflammation, physical therapy to improve mobility, dietary changes such as gluten-free diets, and lifestyle modifications including regular exercise, stress management, and adequate sleep.

Under normal conditions, the immune system distinguishes self-cells from foreign substances through a process called immunocompetence. In autoimmunity, this recognition mechanism fails, and the immune system perceives self-cells as threats. This flawed recognition results from a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and hormonal influences that disrupt normal immune tolerance.

Environmental factors like infections, toxins, and dietary components can trigger autoimmune responses in genetically susceptible individuals. For example, celiac disease is triggered by gluten consumption in people with genetic predisposition. Complex diseases such as multiple sclerosis and psoriasis result from combinations of environmental, genetic, hormonal factors, and sometimes viral and bacterial infections.

Several autoimmune diseases specifically affect hormone production. Addison's disease targets the adrenal glands, Graves' disease affects the thyroid gland, and systemic lupus erythematosus impacts multiple organs including those involved in hormone regulation. These hormonal disruptions occur when the immune system attacks the endocrine tissues responsible for producing essential hormones.