Repetitive Brain Injury
Repetitive Brain Injury - Related Videos
04:19
A Mouse Model of Single and Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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Cited by 16 •
2017
Athletes absorb several hundred mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI)/concussions every year; however, the consequence of these on the brain is poorly understood. Therefore, an animal model of single and repetitive mTBI that consistently replicates clinically relevant symptoms provides the means to advance the study of mTBI and concussion.
05:42
A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice
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Cited by 5 •
2016
Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.
11:04
Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
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Cited by 125 •
2011
Lateral fluid percussion (LFP), an established model of traumatic brain injury in mice, is demonstrated. LFP fulfills three major criteria for animal models: validity, reliability and clinical relevance. The procedure, consisting of surgical craniotomy, fixation of hub followed by induction of injury, resulting in focal and diffuse injuries, is described.
04:13
Modeling Repetitive Concussive Head Injuries in a Mouse Model
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2025
Source: Yang, Z., et.al. A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2016).This video demonstrates the induction of repetitive concussive head injuries in a mouse using an electromagnetic impact device. The procedure involves positioning the impact tip between the interfrontal and lambdoid sutures on the skull of an anesthetized mouse and using a probe tip to precisely set the impact depth. The impact is delivered at a controlled velocity and depth to simulate mild...
05:47
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Unilateral Hemisphere of Rat Brain
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Cited by 10 •
2016
We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the unilateral hemisphere of rat brain, by placing a 25-mm figure-8 coil 1 cm lateral to the vertex on the biauricular line and angulating the coil by 45°. An in-house water cooling system was used for rTMS for more than 20 min.
FAQs
Recovery between injuries is clinically important because the first event may leave tissue mechanically disrupted, axons damaged, the blood-brain barrier altered, and inflammatory responses active. A subsequent impact during this incomplete recovery period can compound those effects rather than acting as an isolated event. This timing helps explain why return-to-activity decisions require careful assessment.
These processes represent different but connected forms of neurological stress. Mechanical deformation can disrupt axons, which are nerve-cell projections, while altered blood-brain barrier function may change the brain’s protective interface. Inflammatory responses add another layer of injury-related activity. Considering these mechanisms together helps medicine investigate persistent impairment and potential biomarkers.
The clinical significance of repetition does not depend only on how severe each event seems in isolation. Multiple impacts can accumulate neurological harm, particularly when another injury occurs before earlier effects have resolved. This principle broadens assessment beyond a single episode and supports attention to the pattern of injuries, recovery, and later cognitive, mood, or motor changes.
The number and timing of impacts are important considerations, especially when injuries occur before recovery is complete. Outcomes also depend on whether neurological effects persist or progress across time. Medical monitoring therefore considers changes in cognition, mood, and motor function rather than relying solely on the apparent mildness of any one event.
Assessment extends beyond the immediate event to include ongoing cognitive, mood, and motor function. Repeated evaluations can help identify persistent or progressive impairment and provide information relevant to decisions about returning to activity. Long-term monitoring is especially valuable when symptoms or functional changes continue, because the effects may not be captured by a single assessment.
Research provides medical context for deciding when activity should resume after head impacts or traumatic brain injuries. The central concern is whether recovery is complete enough to avoid compounding injury-related effects. Assessment findings and continued monitoring of cognition, mood, and motor function can therefore support more informed decisions rather than relying only on the passage of time.
Findings apply to sports, military, and occupational settings where repeated head impacts may occur. They support prevention strategies intended to reduce exposure and guide safer practices. Research also informs rehabilitation, which addresses the consequences of impairment, while long-term monitoring helps evaluate changes in cognition, mood, and motor function across recovery.
Biomarker research seeks measurable indicators that could improve understanding of injury-related biological processes and their progression. This work is relevant because repetitive trauma can involve axonal disruption, altered blood-brain barrier function, and inflammation, while clinical outcomes may include persistent or progressive impairment. Biomarkers could therefore complement assessment and monitoring as research clarifies their usefulness.