Question 1

What are BioMEMs and why are they used in research?

Accepted Answer

BioMEMs, or Bio Micro-Electro-Mechanical Devices, are miniaturized diagnostic instruments with at least one dimension on the micrometer scale. They enable cost and time savings through reduced sample and reagent volumes while performing functions like sampling, filtration, reactions, and detection. Their microscale dimensions provide improved sensitivity and selectivity in analytical applications.

Question 2

How do microfluidic devices work as Lab-on-a-chip systems?

Accepted Answer

Microfluidic devices possess microscale channels that enable separations, reactions, and measurements with small sample volumes. They utilize pressure-driven flow or capillary action to transport analytes through channels. The laminar flow creates diffusion-based mass transfer and mixing, while the high surface-to-volume ratio enhances interactions between analytes and surface-bound components.

Question 3

What materials are commonly used to fabricate BioMEMs?

Accepted Answer

Silicon is the most common material for BioMEMs, used as a substrate where patterns are etched into the surface. Polymers are also widely used because they are less expensive and enable simple replication of complex structures via injection molding or embossing. Metals like gold, silver, and chromium are deposited in layers using electroplating or evaporation to enable micro-scale circuitry.

Question 4

What is photolithography and how is it used in BioMEM fabrication?

Accepted Answer

Photolithography is a technique that patterns a substrate using light to create complex microstructures. A silicon wafer is coated with UV-reactive photoresist, then a pattern is transferred using UV light through a mask. After processing steps, the pattern is permanently etched into the silicon, leaving a three-dimensional structure. This is a primary method for microfabrication biomem devices via photolithography.

Question 5

How does soft lithography differ from photolithography in BioMEM production?

Accepted Answer

Soft lithography uses elastomeric polymers, typically polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), to replicate three-dimensional structures without complicated processing steps. PDMS is poured onto a microstructure, then degassed and cured to create a replica. This technique is often used with photolithography and enables replication of complex structures more simply and cost-effectively than traditional photolithography alone.

Question 6

What are the main challenges in miniaturizing BioMEM devices?

Accepted Answer

Fabricating sub-micrometer features becomes difficult when structures are extremely complex or require multiple layers. Defects in surface roughness or channel diameters are amplified at small scales and can alter device function. Contamination from dust or unwanted biomolecules easily damages micro-scale structures, requiring fabrication in clean rooms. Scaling up microfluidic devices to larger dimensions also changes fluid flow behavior, making replication difficult.

Question 7

How are BioMEMs applied in bioanalytical research and diagnostics?

Accepted Answer

BioMEMs serve as miniature bioreactors for single-cell analysis, enabling measurement of growth rate and phenotypic heterogeneity. Branched microfluidic devices separate cells and beads using electrical fields for sorting applications. Field effect transistors fabricated on the microscale and functionalized with silicon nanowires detect biological targets like DNA and biomarkers, functioning as miniature bioelectronics for sensing.

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