Why is the femoral vein preferred for emergency central venous catheter placement?

The femoral vein is preferred in emergencies because it allows simultaneous performance of other stabilization procedures such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intubation. It can be cannulated quickly with or without ultrasound guidance, and it carries a lower immediate complication rate than internal jugular or subclavian approaches since there is no risk of pneumothorax.

What is the NAVEL mnemonic and how does it help locate the femoral vein?

NAVEL represents the structures passing through the inguinal region from lateral to medial: Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty space, and Lymphatics. To locate the femoral vein, palpate the pubic tubercle, move laterally until you feel the femoral pulse, then identify the vein just medial to the pulsating artery using this anatomical relationship.

How does the Seldinger technique work in femoral central venous catheter insertion?

The Seldinger technique involves cannulating the target vessel with a thin-walled needle, passing a guidewire through the needle to the desired depth, removing the needle, passing a dilator over the wire to dilate tissues, then removing the dilator and advancing the catheter over the wire. Finally, the guidewire is removed, leaving the catheter in place.

What supplies are included in a standard central venous catheter kit?

A CVC kit typically contains a catheter, j-tip guidewire, dilator, #11 scalpel, introducer needle, 1% lidocaine, syringes, smaller needles, suture needle with suture, CVC clamp, surgical dressing, gauze, and chlorhexidine. These items are usually provided sterile in a wrapped tray.

What are the main disadvantages of femoral central venous catheters?

The primary disadvantage is a high infection incidence due to proximity to the groin and often quasi-sterile emergency placement conditions. Femoral catheters also carry risks of bladder and peritoneal perforation. For sustained central access, femoral lines should be replaced with catheters in other locations once the patient is stable.

How do you prepare the skin and maintain sterility before femoral catheter insertion?

Clean the skin vigorously with chlorhexidine for 30 seconds and allow it to dry for 60 seconds. Open the CVC kit by grasping non-sterile outer surfaces and unfolding outward to keep inner surfaces sterile. Put on sterile gown and gloves, then drape the patient's groin area to maintain a sterile field throughout the procedure.

What is the correct needle angle and depth progression during femoral vein cannulation?

Insert the introducer needle at a 45-degree angle aiming cephalad while pulling back on the plunger to confirm blood return. Once the needle is in the vessel, lower the angle to 30 degrees and advance the guidewire to 20 centimeters, marked by two black lines on the wire. Never force the guidewire if resistance occurs.

Central Venous Catheter Insertion: Femoral Vein

0 views10:45 min

1. Assemble supplies: CVC kit, sterile gown, sterile gloves, sterile ultrasound probe cover, bonnet, mask, saline flushes, any special dressings or antibiotic barriers required at your institution. Commonly marketed CVC kits generally contain the CVC (in this case a triple-lumen catheter), a j-tip guide wire, a dilator, a # 11 scalpel, an introducer needle, 1% lidocaine, several 3 and 5 mL syringes, several smaller needles (usually 20, 22, and 23 gauge), single straight-suture needle with suture, CVC clamp, dressing, gauze, drape, and chlorhexidine. The contents of the kit are enclosed in a sterile tray wrapped with a sterile cover.

2. Place the patient supine, with the leg to be accessed abducted and externally rotated to maximize access to the target area.

3. Identification of the point of access

The point of access for a femoral CVC is lateral to the pubic tubercle and inferior to the inguinal ligament. The inguinal ligament runs diagonally from the anterior iliac spine toward the pubic tubercle. The structures in the superior thigh are often remembered using the mnemonic NAVEL (from lateral to medial: nerve, artery, vein, empty space, inguinal ligament)

Using ultrasound
1. Apply the acoustic gel on the probe.
2. Standing at the foot of the bed, place the transducer immediately lateral to the pubic tubercle and orient it in a transverse plane by aligning the indicator on the transducer to the left (patient's right) to obtain an accurate cross-sectional view of the anatomy on your ultrasound monitor.
3. Visualize the vascular structures, applying slight pressure to them with the transducer to distinguish between the compressible femoral vein and the pulsatile femoral artery.
Locating the femoral vein using the landmark-based approach
1. Identify the pubic tubercle by palpation.
2. Move your palpating fingers laterally from the pubic tubercle until the femoral pulse is located. If the patient has no cardiac activity, the femoral pulsations should match in time with the compressions from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The femoral vein is located just medial to the femoral artery (location of the pulse)

4. Preparation

Clean the skin with chlorhexidine solution, scrubbing vigorously for 60 seconds and allowing it to dry for 30 seconds.
Open the CVC kit
1. Open the flaps of the sterile wrapping by grabbing the non-sterile side of the wrap and opening outward. In this manner, the contents of the kit and the exposed surface (inside surface) of the wrapping will remain sterile.
  1. Carefully drop the sterile ultrasound probe cover and saline onto the open sterile kit.
  2. Open the sterile ultrasound probe cover packaging so that the sterile contents drop cleanly onto the sterile field you have just created.
  3. When adding sterile saline to the sterile kit, remember that most of the packaging that the sterile saline comes in will not be sterile. Therefore, just the saline should be added to the kit (the tray of the CVC kit has several plastic molded wells in which sterile saline may be squirted).
Don mask, bonnet, sterile gown and gloves
Drape the patient with sterile drape
If using ultrasound, cover the ultrasound probe with sterile cover with the help of a non-sterile helper.
1. Hold the cover open for the assistant, who has already placed new acoustic gel on the probe. The assistant then gently drops the probe into the opening of the cover.
2. Hold the probe firmly within the sterile sheath while the assistant pulls the distal end of the cover, unfurling the length of the sheath over the cord. The typical sterile sheath will cover 4 feet of cord.
Prepare kit by drawing up lidocaine into a syringe, preparing a guide wire and removing the cap from the middle lumen of the catheter. Separate the contents of the kit for easy accessibility.

5. Seldinger procedure

Using ultrasound, again identify the target vessel.
Identify the pulsations of the femoral artery, and the compressibility of the femoral vein (as described above 3.1.3)
Note the depth at which the femoral vein lies. For example, if the vein is 2 cm deep, the needle needs to be introduced approximately 2 cm inferior to the transducer so that the needle tip reaches the plane of the ultrasound beam at the depth of the target. This is the area that will be anesthetized.
1. If using a landmark-guided approach, palpate the femoral pulse with the fingers of your non-dominant hand. The femoral vein lies just medial to your fingertips; this is the location at which you will anesthetize the skin and attempt to cannulate the target vessel.
Inject lidocaine into skin, creating a wheal, and continue to anesthetize the soft tissues.
Insert the introducer needle at a 45° angle to the skin, aiming cephalad.
Fan the ultrasound probe in order to follow the tip of the needle toward the target vessel, redirecting the needle as needed.
Observe the needle tip as it enters the vessel.
Confirm the needle location by drawing blood into the syringe. You should be able to draw blood freely when the needle is in the femoral vein.
When performing landmark-guided catheterization, one may not be able to cannulate the femoral vein on the first attempt. The first attempt for the CVC insertion should always be made just medial to the palpable femoral pulse. Subsequent attempts must be performed methodically and incrementally, with each subsequent insertion site just medial to the previous one.
Gently remove the syringe from the introducer needle without changing the depth at which the needle is positioned. The needle may be attached by Luer-lock (depending on the kit used).
Feed the guide wire into the needle to a depth of 20 cm (noted by tick marks on the wire itself). You may need to reduce the angle of the needle to 30°. The wire should feed easily; you may check that the wire is within the vessel by confirming with the ultrasound in the longitudinal position.
If resistance is met, first be certain that the needle angle is not too steep (~30°). If still not passing easily, remove the wire and reattach the syringe to see if blood can still be drawn freely. If not, the needle is no longer in the vessel.
If blood does draw freely but there is still difficulty advancing the guide wire, then verify its location within the vessel lumen by using the ultrasound in the longitudinal view (sagittal plane)
You may be able to overcome difficulty in passing the wire by retracting the wire a few centimeters and rotating it 90°. This reorients the J tip and may allow for free passage. Never force the guide wire.
Make a nick with the scalpel at the level of the skin, and remove the needle from the guide wire.
Feed the dilator over the guide wire and dilate the skin and soft tissues with a gentle rotating motion. The dilator should only be inserted to a depth of 2-3 cm. Remove the dilator.
Feed the catheter over the guide wire completely, and remove the guide wire.
Attach a syringe with sterile saline to a catheter; pull the plunger back to verify free blood return, then flush all ports. Place the appropriate caps on the Luer-lock ports.
Use a two-part clamp to hold the catheter in place. Place the soft rubber part over the catheter at the point at which the catheter enters the skin; then, place the hard piece over it, securing the clamp in the chosen position.
Anesthetize the skin and sew the clamp into place through the eyelets of the clamp.
Place a sterile dressing in accordance with your medical facility's practice on reducing catheter-related bloodstream infections.
Post-procedure, dispose of all sharps