Somatosensation

The four main mechanoreceptors are Meissner corpuscles, Merkel disks, Ruffini endings, and Pacinian corpuscles. Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting and detect dynamic stimuli like vibrations. Merkel disks and Ruffini endings are slow adapting and respond to sustained touch and pressure.

Mechanoreceptors in skin detect stimuli and send signals through primary neurons to the dorsal root ganglion. Secondary neurons in the medulla decussate, crossing to the opposite side before reaching the thalamus. Tertiary neurons then carry the signal to the somatosensory cortex, where the body is mapped as a homunculus.

Fingers have a high density of mechanoreceptors with small receptive fields, enabling better stimulus discrimination. This dense receptor distribution requires more cortical area for processing fine sensory details. In contrast, the back has fewer receptors and larger receptive fields, resulting in smaller cortical representation.

Decussation is the crossing of sensory information from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain. This occurs in the medulla when secondary neurons cross over before sending signals to the thalamus. As a result, the left side of the body is processed in the right cortex and vice versa.

A dermatome is a designated area of skin innervated by sensory neurons from a single dorsal root ganglion. Primary neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia extend axons to specific dermatomes. Each dermatome represents a distinct region where sensory information is initially detected before traveling to the spinal cord.

The somatosensory cortex undergoes cortical reorganization when body regions do not function as intended. Braille readers develop larger finger representations in the cortex due to intensive tactile training. In forearm amputees, the cortical region previously connected to the amputated arm can be remapped to adjacent regions, sometimes causing phantom limb sensations.

Slow-adapting mechanoreceptors like Merkel disks and Ruffini endings continue responding to prolonged contact, detecting sustained touch and pressure. Rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors like Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles respond to dynamic stimuli such as vibrations and changing pressure. This functional difference allows the sensory system to detect both constant and changing tactile information.