The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen fixation is essential because most atmospheric nitrogen exists as N2 gas, which most organisms cannot use directly. Only specialized bacteria possess the enzymes to convert N2 into ammonia, making nitrogen available for plants and other organisms. Without nitrogen fixation, nitrogen would remain locked in the atmosphere and unavailable to the biosphere.

Plants absorb nitrogen in two forms: ammonia produced by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and nitrates created by nitrifying bacteria. These bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, which plants can directly absorb through their roots. This process makes nitrogen accessible for plant growth and protein synthesis.

Decomposers like bacteria and fungi break down dead organisms and waste products containing nitrogen compounds such as proteins, urea, and uric acid. This decomposition releases ammonia back into the soil, which can be reabsorbed by plants or converted into nitrates by nitrifying bacteria, continuing the nitrogen cycle.

Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas in anaerobic environments lacking oxygen. This process releases N2 back into the atmosphere, completing the cycle and returning nitrogen to its primary atmospheric reservoir where it remains until nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert it again.

Eutrophication occurs when excess nitrogen from agricultural fertilizers flows into aquatic ecosystems, stimulating rapid growth of bacteria, algae, and aquatic plants. This nutrient overload disrupts aquatic ecosystems and can create toxic algal blooms. Improper fertilizer timing or excessive quantities are primary causes of this environmental problem.

Herbivores and consumers obtain nitrogen by eating plants, converting plant proteins into amino acids. They reassemble these amino acids into usable proteins for growth and development. Simultaneously, they return nitrogen to soil through waste products like urine and feces, which decomposers then break down to release ammonia.

The primary long-term nitrogen reservoir is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere, comprising about 78% of air. Secondary sinks include swamps, marine sediments, and sedimentary rock, where nitrogen compounds can be stored for extended periods. Weathering of sedimentary rock can release stored nitrogen back into the ecosystem.