14.18
Long-term Depression
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD…
Long-term depression, or LTD, is a process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections.
One mechanism by which LTD occurs is dependent on the amount of calcium ions flowing into the postsynaptic neuron after presynaptic stimulation. Low calcium concentration due to infrequent presynaptic stimulation can initiate a signaling cascade that culminates in the endocytosis or removal of AMPA glutamate receptors from the membrane. As a result, the postsynaptic response to the same sporadic presynaptic stimulation is further weakened.
Thus, LTD is important for learning, since unused or rarely used synapses are weakened and can even be pruned away, freeing up resources and space that can be used by the neuron for other functions, such as LTP strengthening of more important synapses.
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Core videos
Q1: What is long-term depression and how does it differ from long-term potentiation?
Long-term depression (LTD) is a process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. LTD works in opposition to long-term potentiation (LTP), which strengthens synapses. Together, these mechanisms underlie learning and memory by allowing the brain to weaken unused synapses while strengthening important ones, maintaining neural flexibility and efficiency.
Q2: How does calcium ion concentration trigger long-term depression?
Low calcium ion concentration in the postsynaptic neuron, resulting from infrequent presynaptic stimulation, initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in endocytosis or removal of AMPA glutamate receptors from the plasma membrane. With fewer receptors present, the postsynaptic response to sporadic stimulation becomes further weakened, reducing synaptic transmission efficiency.
Q3: Why is synaptic weakening important for brain function and learning?
LTD prevents the brain from becoming maximally strengthened at all synapses, which would plateau neural efficiency and impair learning and memory formation. By pruning weaker, unused synapses, LTD frees up resources and space that neurons can redirect toward strengthening more important synaptic connections, maintaining cognitive flexibility.
Q4: What happens to AMPA receptors during long-term depression?
During LTD, AMPA glutamate receptors are removed from the postsynaptic membrane through endocytosis. The neuron then reuses these receptors at a later time or separates them into their constituent subunits. This receptor removal reduces the number of ion channels available for positively charged ions to enter and depolarize the membrane.
Q5: Where in the brain does long-term depression occur?
LTD was first described in the hippocampus, where it is thought to clear old memories. Subsequently, LTD has been demonstrated in many brain regions including the cerebellum, striatum, and cortex. The ubiquitous presence of LTD across these regions underscores its importance in proper brain functioning and neural plasticity.
Q6: How do malfunctions in long-term depression contribute to neurological disorders?
Malfunctioning LTD mechanisms are thought to contribute to numerous neurological and cognitive disorders such as addiction, mental retardation, and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding how LTD operates and how its disruption leads to disease is essential for developing effective treatments for these conditions.
Q7: How does infrequent presynaptic stimulation weaken synaptic connections?
Infrequent presynaptic stimulation results in low calcium ion influx into the postsynaptic neuron. This low calcium concentration triggers removal of AMPA receptors from the membrane through endocytosis. With fewer receptors available, the postsynaptic response to the same sporadic stimulation is further weakened, progressively reducing synaptic strength and the excitatory and inhibitory effects of neurotransmitters at that synapse.