Potential-Energy Criterion for Equilibrium

A system is in equilibrium when the first derivative of its total potential energy equals zero. For a spring-mass system with one independent variable, this means the rate of change of potential energy with respect to position must be zero. This criterion applies because virtual work is zero for all virtual displacements at equilibrium, making the change in potential energy also zero.

When a system undergoes a virtual displacement at equilibrium, the virtual work done equals zero. Since virtual work equals the negative change in potential energy, this means the change in potential energy must also be zero. This relationship forms the foundation of the potential energy criterion for equilibrium in mechanical systems.

For a spring-mass system, the total potential energy is the sum of gravitational and elastic potential energies. Setting the first derivative of this total potential energy equal to zero yields the equilibrium position. This mathematical approach directly identifies where the system naturally rests without requiring force analysis.

For systems with several independent variables, the equilibrium condition requires that the partial derivative of potential energy with respect to each coordinate must be zero. This extends the single-variable criterion to multidimensional systems, ensuring equilibrium is satisfied across all possible displacement directions simultaneously.

The second derivative of the potential energy function must be positive to ensure stable equilibrium. This condition guarantees that the potential energy is at a minimum at the equilibrium configuration. Without this requirement, a system could be at equilibrium but unstable, meaning small disturbances would cause it to move away permanently.

The principle of virtual work states that work is zero for all virtual displacements at equilibrium. Since work equals the negative change in potential energy, this principle directly leads to the potential energy criterion: the derivative of potential energy must be zero. This connection bridges virtual work concepts to energy-based equilibrium analysis.

A stationary value means the potential energy reaches a point where its derivative is zero, indicating no instantaneous change with small displacements. This stationary configuration represents the equilibrium state of the system. Whether this stationary point is a minimum, maximum, or saddle point determines the stability of that equilibrium configuration.