Pulse

The pulse is a pressure wave created by arterial elastic fibers expanding and recoiling after each heartbeat. It serves as a vital clinical indicator of heart rhythm and rate, reflecting both cardiac function and overall health status. Pulse assessment helps detect irregularities, circulation problems, and potential cardiac conditions early.

A normal resting pulse for healthy adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. Rates outside this range may signal underlying conditions. Tachycardia, an abnormally fast pulse over 100 beats per minute, can indicate shock, dehydration, or heart failure, while bradycardia below 60 beats per minute may suggest aging, hypothyroidism, or blood pressure imbalances and circulatory shock.

Pulse strength reflects the power of ventricular contraction and cardiac output. A robust pulse indicates high systolic pressure, while a weak pulse suggests declining systolic pressure that may require medical intervention. Evaluating pulse strength provides critical information about the heart's pumping efficiency and overall circulatory function.

The radial artery on the wrist is the most common pulse measurement site. However, pulse can also be detected at the superficial temporal artery near the ear, carotid artery near the larynx, brachial artery near the elbow, femoral arteries in the thigh, popliteal arteries behind the knees, and dorsalis pedis arteries in the feet.

A rapid or irregular pulse may signal arrhythmia or conditions like anxiety, dehydration, or fever. Pulsus paradoxus, a notable decrease in pulse strength during inspiration, could indicate pericardial effusion or severe asthma. A bounding pulse might suggest aortic valve insufficiency or hyperthyroidism. Absent peripheral pulses indicate arterial occlusion, a medical emergency.

Pulse rate refers to the number of heartbeats per minute, while rhythm pertains to the regularity of those beats. Both parameters hold significant clinical value. An irregular rhythm may indicate cardiac arrhythmias, while an abnormal rate can reflect various physiological or pathological states, making both measurements essential for comprehensive cardiovascular assessment.

While manual palpation using fingertips across a superficial artery remains standard practice, commercial electronic devices provide alternative pulse measurement options. These devices offer automated quantification and continuous monitoring capabilities, making them useful for clinical settings and patient self-monitoring when manual assessment is impractical or continuous data is required.