Secondary Distribution

Secondary distribution systems include four types: individual distribution transformers serving single customers with large loads, common secondary main systems connecting multiple customers to a primary feeder, secondary networks powered by multiple feeders in high-density urban areas, and spot networks serving concentrated loads like high-rise buildings. Each type offers different reliability and efficiency benefits based on customer needs and load density.

Residential secondary distribution in the United States typically uses 120/240 V single-phase, three-wire service for lighting, outlets, and large appliances. This voltage level is standard for individual homes and small residential buildings, delivering electricity at customer utilization voltages from distribution transformers to customer premises.

Secondary networks, typically found in high-density urban areas, are powered by multiple primary feeders through network transformers, ensuring operation even if two feeders fail. Parallel paths to loads minimize customer outages. Network protectors automatically disconnect transformers during faults or power-flow reversal, maintaining uninterrupted customer service and high reliability.

Individual distribution transformers are preferred in rural areas and for customers with large loads or low-voltage issues. Although costlier than shared systems, they eliminate the need for secondary mains and provide dedicated service. This approach is suitable for long distances between customers where a common secondary main system would be inefficient.

Commercial areas typically use 208Y/120 V three-phase, four-wire service for lighting and motor loads, while industrial and high-rise commercial applications use 480Y/277 V three-phase, four-wire service to support heavy electrical equipment. These higher voltages accommodate larger loads and complex power requirements in commercial and industrial settings.

Spot networks are secondary networks serving a single, concentrated load such as a high-rise building or mall, fed by two or more primary feeders through network transformers. Unlike general secondary networks distributed across urban areas, spot networks provide high reliability and flexibility for large individual loads while maintaining automatic fault protection.

Distribution transformers deliver electricity at customer utilization voltages in secondary distribution systems. Load-tap-changing transformers and voltage regulators are employed to maintain voltage within American National Standards Institute (ANSI) limits. These transformers in distribution system ensure proper voltage levels across residential, commercial, and industrial applications.