Mitral Stenosis IV: Nursing Management

Nurses should review the patient's medical history, including past rheumatic fever, family history of valve disorders, and lifestyle factors. Collect details on current medications, especially anticoagulants and diuretics, and assess medication adherence. Document the onset and progression of cardiac symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, and palpitations to establish a comprehensive baseline for care planning.

During cardiac auscultation, nurses listen for murmurs and abnormal valve activity. Objective findings include peripheral edema in the lower extremities, pulmonary congestion, jugular venous distention, and reduced activity tolerance. Vital signs may show elevated heart rate and respiratory rate, while oxygen saturation levels reveal hypoxemia related to impaired gas exchange from fluid overload.

Common nursing diagnoses include impaired gas exchange related to fluid overload, evidenced by orthopnea and hypoxemia, and activity intolerance related to reduced blood flow to peripheral tissues, evidenced by fatigue. These diagnoses direct interventions toward optimizing gas exchange and improving activity tolerance. Additional diagnoses address excess fluid volume and knowledge deficits regarding disease management and self-care requirements.

Position the patient in a semi-Fowler position to enhance lung expansion and reduce dyspnea. Instruct the patient on deep breathing and effective coughing techniques to promote optimal gas exchange. Recommend leg elevation to reduce peripheral edema. These interventions work together to improve oxygenation and decrease pulmonary congestion related to impaired cardiac function.

Encourage progressive exercise activity within the patient's limitations, assessing baseline activity tolerance first. Educate the patient on pacing daily activities during episodes of dyspnea to prevent exacerbation of symptoms. Collaborate with physical therapists to create a tailored exercise plan aligned with each patient's unique requirements, balancing activity with rest to improve overall functional capacity.

Implement prescribed cardiac, low-sodium diet and fluid restriction to maintain fluid balance. Monitor intake and output to evaluate fluid volume overload or deficits. Educate the patient on strict adherence to the medication regimen, including diuretics and anticoagulants. Regular monitoring of vital signs and oxygen saturation levels promotes optimal gas exchange and prevents complications from fluid accumulation.

Prepare the patient for post-operative care including the necessity of prophylactic antibiotics before any invasive procedures and bleeding precautions for anticoagulant therapy. Advise using a soft-bristled toothbrush, maintaining good oral hygiene, and avoiding dental procedures for six months post-operation. Regularly assess the patient's response to interventions and modify the care plan to ensure effective mitral valve stenosis management and prevent infection or bleeding complications.