Levels of Use of a GIS

Geographic Information Systems, GIS,  are used at three levels of application, each increasing in complexity: data management, analysis, and prediction. 

At the foundational level, data management involves inputting, storing, and retrieving spatial data. 

For example, in a sewer network, GIS functions as an inventory system to manage attributes such as pipe types, diameters, and installation years. Simple queries display results, and most GIS applications operate at this level to effectively organize and store data.

The second level, analysis, focuses on using GIS to uncover patterns and relationships within spatial data. 

It includes determining the shortest route between two points, grouping land areas based on specific criteria, and calculating the population density in a region. 

This analytical capability provides valuable insights for decision-making and planning.

At the highest level, GIS supports predictive modeling, addressing "What if?" scenarios. 

For example, GIS can forecast traffic impacts of land development, predict hurricane effects, and assess air quality during significant events. These levels demonstrate the growing sophistication and versatility of GIS applications.