Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease progressively impairs multiple body systems, starting with neurologic symptoms such as fatigue, headache, confusion, seizures, paresthesias, and restless leg syndrome.

Integumentary symptoms involve dry, itchy skin, ecchymosis, and a gray-bronze hue.

Common cardiovascular issues include hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease, pericarditis, and severe cases that may lead to pericardial effusion.

Pulmonary symptoms include dyspnea, pulmonary edema, uremic pleuritis, and Kussmaul respirations.

Gastrointestinal symptoms feature nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, uremic fetor, gastritis, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

In the renal system, patients experience oliguria, fluid retention, and uremic pericarditis.

Metabolic issues such as carbohydrate intolerance and hyperlipidemia may occur.

Hematologic issues include anemia, thrombocytopenia, and an increased risk of infection.

Musculoskeletal symptoms involve bone pain, osteomalacia, and fractures due to renal osteodystrophy.