Soil Horizons and Profiles

Soil is not just one layer beneath the ground. It comprises different layers called soil horizons, forming a complete soil profile.

Over thousands of years, weathering, climate, and biological activity break down rocks and organic matter.

This process creates unique soil profiles in different regions, shaping the land and supporting plant life.

The topmost layer is topsoil, or the A horizon. It is rich in organic material and nutrients from decomposed plants and animals, making it the most fertile layer for plant growth.

Below the topsoil is subsoil, or the B horizon, which has fewer nutrients and organic material but holds more water and contains minerals like iron and clay.

The next layer down is the C horizon, which shows evidence of weathering and marks the transition to solid bedrock below.

Soil profiles may be thin in some regions, like deserts, while in tropical areas, they may be deeper due to high biological activity.

Understanding soil horizons helps scientists and farmers manage land for agriculture and environmental conservation.