Name: Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2011-02-09T18:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 18 s
Description: Learn a murine subcutaneous infection model for studying MRSA virulence and host immune responses using Staphylococcus aureus. This method enables quantification of bacterial dissemination and cytokine analysis.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

This work was supported by a Burroughs-Wellcome Career Award and by National Institutes of Health grant AI074832 to G. Y. Liu.

1. Preparing the MRSA for Infection (two Days Prior to Infection)
<ol>
<li>Inoculate a loopful of MRSA from a stock culture to a blood agar (Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA)) plate.</li>
<li>Check the hemolysis phenotype (a clear zone around each colony) on the blood agar plate.</li>
<li>Pick a colony that has a hemolytic phenotype that is consistent with other experiments.</li>
<li>Inoculate the colony into 3 mL Todd Hewitt Broth (THB),with the appropriated antibiotic when necessary, in a 15 mL snap-capped tube.</li>
<li>Incubate at 37°C overnight with shaking at 220 rpm.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparing the Mice for Infection (one Day Prior to Infection)
<ol>
<li>Depending on the size of the mice, shave the fur off a 3 x 4 cm area on the back of mice.</li>
<li>Apply ~5 mm3 hair remover cream (purchased from a local drug store) to the shaved area.</li>
<li>Allow the hair remover cream to incubate on the skin surface for approximately 1 min.</li>
<li>Wet paper towels with ddH2O.</li>
<li>Wipe off the hair remover cream with the wet paper towel.</li>
</ol>
3. Preparing the MRSA for Infection (on the Day of Infection)
<ol>
<li>Dilute the overnight bacterial culture at 1:500 to 1:1000 with 10 mL of pre-warmed THB, in a 50 mL screw-capped tube.</li>
<li>Incubate at 37°C for approximately 2.5 hours with shaking at 220 rpm, until A540 reaches 2.5.</li>
<li>Collect MRSA by centrifugation at 3,225 x g for 10 min at 4°C.</li>
<li>Discard the supernatant.</li>
<li>Resuspend the bacterial pellet in 10 mL Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS).</li>
<li>Repeat steps 3 and 4.</li>
<li>Resuspend the bacterial pellet in DPBS at a desired concentration.</li>
<li>Serially dilute the bacterial suspension from 101 to 108.</li>
<li>Plate the diluted bacterial suspension onto blood agar plates.</li>
<li>Incubate the plates at 37°C overnight.</li>
<li>Observe and record the hemolytic phenotype of the inocula.</li>
<li>Count the Colony Forming Units (CFU) number on the plate.</li>
<li>Calculate the inocula based on the CFU number on the plate.</li>
</ol>
4. Subcutaneous Infection of MRSA (on the Day of Infection and 3 Days Post-infection)
<ol>
<li>Inject subcutaneously 100 μL bacterial suspension in the shaved area.</li>
<li>Observe the animals for 3 to 5 hours after injection to make sure the mice are alive.</li>
<li>Observe the lesion on the back of the animals daily and record the lesion area daily when it is needed. Lesion observation should include recording of lesion size and morphology. Both skin and muscle lesions are quantitated by multiplying the length and width of the lesion. Irregularly-shaped lesions need to be broken down into smaller symmetrical pieces, and each piece measured by the same method. Lesion measurements may also use a computer-assisted histomorphometric assessment program (ImageJ; open-source available from the NIH at <a href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij">http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/</a>) 2.</li>
<li>Sacrifice the animals on day 3 post-infection by inhalation of isoflurane followed by cervical dislocation.</li>
<li>Observe and record the lesion on the skin.</li>
<li>Nick the skin with a pair of sterile scissors.</li>
<li>Peel the skin off carefully and observe and record the lesion on the muscle.</li>
<li>Excise the lesion and approximately 2 - 5 mm of the surrounding area.</li>
<li>Collect spleen and kidneys.</li>
<li>Homogenize the tissues using a tissue homogenizer or by repeated application of a plunger from a 1 mL syringe to a microfuge tube containing the tissue and 100 μL of DPBS.</li>
<li>Add 900 μL of DPBS to each tube.</li>
<li>Vortex the samples for 5 min.</li>
<li>Serially dilute the suspension with DPBS 101 to 106.</li>
<li>Plate the diluted suspensions on THA plates.</li>
</ol>
5. Representative Results:
<ol>
<li>Immediately after each subcutaneous injection, a bleb will be observed on the skin surface when infection is done correctly (Figure 1A). If no bleb is observed on the skin surface, the injection may be too deep, and this may affect the outcome of the infection (lesion size, CFU).</li>
<li>The bacterial suspension needs to be serially diluted and the CFU need to be examined on blood agar plates for each experiment. This step will yield important information: 1) whether the inocula have homogeneous phenotype; 2) the exact viable bacterial count for the infection.</li>
<li>The lesions and bacterial survival may be assessed at various time points post-infection. Here, we examined the infection on day 3 post-infection. The lesion sizes are analyzed on the skin surface (Figure 1B: 1x 109; Figure 1D: 1 x 107 CFU) and on the muscle surface (Figure 1C: 1x 109; Figure 1E: 1 x 107 CFU). The lesion area equals length (mm) x width (mm) may be measured for assessing the tissue damage (Figs. 2 A and B). This result may help determine the extent of tissue damage caused by a given virulence factor. Additionally, the lesions are excised and homogenized in DPBS, and plated to quantitate the CFU number (Figure 2C), which indicates the viability of the bacteria at the infection site.</li>
</ol>
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2528/2528fig1.jpg" alt="Bacterial infection analysis, skin vs. muscle, progression timeline; image of experimental infection process." data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
Figure 1. The skin and muscle lesions. CD1 mice were inoculated subcutaneous on one flank with MRSA (LAC). Pictures were taken at time 0 and day 3 post-infection. (A) Time 0 post-infection (p.i.), (B)-(G) Day 3 p.i.; B, D. and F: skin lesions; C, E, and G: muscle lesions; B and C: 1x 109 CFU infected; D and E: 1x 107 CFU infected; F and G: mock.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2528/2528fig2.jpg" alt="Lesion area and CFU/mL data comparison; diagram shows statistical significance in grouped plots." data-altupdatedat="1788235205000" data-alt="Figure 2"> 
Figure 2. Skin lesion size and viable bacteria count at the infection site on day 3 post-infection. Skin and muscle lesions on MRSA (LAC) infected CD1 mice. (A) Skin lesion size. (B) Muscle lesion size. (C) Total tissue CFU. H: 1 x 109 CFU inocula; L: 1 x 107 CFU inocula. *: p &lt; 0.05, Mann-Whitney test.

<ol><li>Ahn, J. Y., Song, J. Y., Yun, Y. S., Jeong, G., Choi, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Protection+of+Staphylococcus+aureus-infected+septic+mice+by+suppression+of+early+acute+inflammation+and+enhanced+antimicrobial+activity+by+ginsan%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22FEMS+Immunol+Med+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Protection of Staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute inflammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan.</a> FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 46, 187-197 (2006).</li>
<li>Girish, V., Vijayalakshmi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Affordable+image+analysis+using+NIH+Image%2FImageJ%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Indian+J+Cancer%22%5BJournal%5D)">Affordable image analysis using NIH Image/ImageJ.</a> Indian J Cancer. 41, 47-47 (2004).</li>
<li>Hahn, B. L., Onunkwo, C. C., Watts, C. J., Sohnle, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Systemic+dissemination+and+cutaneous+damage+in+a+mouse+model+of+staphylococcal+skin+infections%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Microb+Pathog%22%5BJournal%5D)">Systemic dissemination and cutaneous damage in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infections.</a> Microb Pathog. 47, 16-23 (2009).</li>
<li>Hruz, P., Zinkernagel, A. S., Jenikova, G., Botwin, G. J., Hugot, J. P., Karin, M., Nizet, V., Eckmann, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((NOD2+contributes+to+cutaneous+defense+against+Staphylococcus+aureus+through+alpha-toxin-dependent+innate+immune+activation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">NOD2 contributes to cutaneous defense against Staphylococcus aureus through alpha-toxin-dependent innate immune activation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106, 12873-12878 (2009).</li>
<li>Ji, Y., Zhang, B., Van, S. F., Horn, P. W. arren, Woodnutt, G., Burnham, M. K., Rosenberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Identification+of+critical+staphylococcal+genes+using+conditional+phenotypes+generated+by+antisense+RNA%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Identification of critical staphylococcal genes using conditional phenotypes generated by antisense RNA.</a> Science. 293, 2266-2269 (2001).</li>
<li>Somerville, G. A., Beres, S. B., Fitzgerald, J. R., DeLeo, F. R., Cole, R. L., Hoff, J. S., Musser, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((In+vitro+serial+passage+of+Staphylococcus+aureus%3A+changes+in+physiology%2C+virulence+factor+production%2C+and+agr+nucleotide+sequence%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Bacteriol%22%5BJournal%5D)">In vitro serial passage of Staphylococcus aureus: changes in physiology, virulence factor production, and agr nucleotide sequence.</a> J Bacteriol. 184, 1430-1437 (2002).</li>
<li>Tseng, C. W., Kyme, P., Low, J., Rocha, M. A., Alsabeh, R., Miller, L. G., Otto, M., Arditi, M., Diep, B. A., Nizet, V., Doherty, T. M., Beenhouwer, D. O., Liu, G. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Staphylococcus+aureus+Panton-Valentine+leukocidin+contributes+to+inflammation+and+muscle+tissue+injury%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin contributes to inflammation and muscle tissue injury.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6387-e6387 (2009).</li>
<li>von Kockritz-Blickwede, M., Rohde, M., Oehmcke, S., Miller, L. S., Cheung, A. L., Herwald, H., Foster, S., Medina, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Immunological+mechanisms+underlying+the+genetic+predisposition+to+severe+Staphylococcus+aureus+infection+in+the+mouse+model%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Pathol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Immunological mechanisms underlying the genetic predisposition to severe Staphylococcus aureus infection in the mouse model.</a> Am J Pathol. 173, 1657-1668 (2008).</li>
</ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

<ol>
<li>The murine skin and soft tissue infection model is a powerful tool for in vivo virulence assessment of a pathogen. The pathogenicity of S. aureus in skin and soft tissue infection may vary depending on a number of parameters. These include inoculum size, bacterial growth phase, depth of inoculation, age of mice, and the mouse genetic background 7, 8. When examining the virulence function using this model, it is critical to control for these parameters to ensure that results will be consistent. We have ...

<table><tbody><tr><td>THB</td><td>VWR international</td><td>95025-314</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPBS</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>21-031-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>309602</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>27G1/2 needle</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>305109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sheep Blood Agar (TSA)</td><td>VWR international</td><td>90004-328</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

subcutaneous infection of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa)

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

MRSA is a worldwide threat to public health, and MRSA skin and soft-tissue infections now account for more than half of all soft-tissue infections in the United States. Among soft-tissue infections, myositis, pyomyositis, and necrotizing fasciitis have been increasingly reported in association with MRSA arising from the community. To understand the interplay between MRSA and host immunity leading to more severe infection, the availability of animal models is critical, permitting the study of host and bacterial factors. Several infection models have been introduced to assess the pathogenesis of S. aureus during superficial skin infection. Here, we describe a subcutaneous infection model that examines the skin, subcutaneous, and muscle pathologies.

Murine skin and soft tissue infection model is utilized for assessing the virulence function of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the host immunological responses. Here, we presented a subcutaneous infection model for skin and soft tissue infection.

MRSA is a worldwide threat to public health, and MRSA skin and soft-tissue infections now account for more than half of all soft-tissue infections in the ...

The overall goal of the following experiment is to examine the survival and dissemination of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus or MA as well as the chemokine and cytokine levels at the infection sites. This is achieved by removing the fur from the backs of mice to allow a clear area of observation. As a second step.MRSA in a suspension will be administered to mice subcutaneously three days post-infection, infection pathologies, and bacterial counts can be assessed by determining the number of colony forming units from tissue homogenates on agar plates. Hello, how are you? My name is De Lordon.I'm a post researcher. Hi, my name is Mariel Sanchez. I am a PhD student And I am Andrea Huda.I am a research associated, we are part of George Lee's lab in the pediatric department at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center. This method can help answering key questions in the medical field, such as modeling of severe infection, including myositis, polymyositis, and necrotizing fascitis. Though this method can provide insight into severe emergency infections, it can also be applied to other system such as group A streptococcus and other organisms.Additionally, we can study the function and pathogenesis of other organisms that cause myositis and polymyositis. Generally, individuals new to this procedure may struggle because one of the staff of caucus areas global regulator is highly mutable. If precautious is not taken, data collected may have significant variation which will result in date difficulty to interpret the data.Let's get started. In a BSL two facility, prepare a sheep blood agar plate in TSA base and a sterile loop using a frozen block. Transfer the stock Mercer culture out of minus 80 degrees Celsius storage.Then using the sterile loop, break a small chip of ice from the stock culture onto the plate. After acquiring a small chip of Mercer stock culture immediately transfer the stock culture back to the freezer to avoid thawing because repeated freezing and thawing will damage the stock culture. Use the loop to streak the agar facilitating the growth of individual Mercer colonies.Incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius overnight without CO2 supplement. The next day. Prepare and label both a new sheet blood egg, TSA plate, and a 15 milliliter snap cap tube with three milliliters of THB.Retrieve the overnight cultured M SSA plate and examine the hemolytic phenotype of the colonies. Using a sterile loop, choose a colony that has a phenotype consistent with previous experimental colonies. Inoculate the THB with the selected colony using the same loop streak.The plate incubate the THB solution at 37 degrees Celsius overnight with shaking at 220 rotations per minute. These bacteria will be used to inoculate the culture for subcutaneous infection of the mice in later steps. Place the blood agar plate in the incubator as well.The plate will be used the following morning to confirm that the hemolytic phenotype of the bacteria in the THB solution matches that of the originally selected colony. If the hemolysis phenotype is not consistent with the original clone, do not start the experiment. Transfer the mouse to a platform and shave the fur off its back.If the animal is overly aggressive, sedation with isof fluorine may be necessary. Apply approximately five cubic millimeters of hair remover cream such as NA to the shaved area. NA may be purchased from the local drugstore.Make sure to purchase the hair removal cream containing baby oil because the product without the baby oil will be too stimulatory for the mice. Allow the cream to incubate on the skin's surface for approximately one minute while the hair remover cream is incubating wet a few paper towels with double distilled water after a minute. Use the wet paper towels to wipe the shaved area clean.Make sure the skin is free from the hair removal cream prewarm 10 milliliters of THB in a 50 milliliter screw cap tube at 37 degrees Celsius in a bacteria incubator for four to 10 hours. Transfer 20 microliters of the overnight bacteria culture to the prewarm THB. This will dilute the overnight merc.A suspension at one to 500. Place the tube at 37 degrees Celsius in a shaking incubator at 220 rotations per minute for approximately two and a half to three hours after the incubation period. Use more THB to further dilute the bacterial suspension to one to 10 and measure the suspension with a spectrophotometer.With absorbency at 514 nanometers. Keep re incubating the suspension at 37 degrees Celsius with shaking at 220 rotations per minute until the one to 10 diluted suspension reaches 0.25. To collect the M er centrifuge, the 50 milliliter tube at 3, 225 times gravity for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius, discard the supinate Resus.Suspend the bacterial palette in 10 milliliters of DPBS and wash the bacteria again by repeating the centrifugation step for this severe infection model. Re suspend the bacterial pellet in approximately one milliliter of DPBS resulting in approximately one times 10 to the 10 colony forming units per milliliter. Assemble sheep blood A-R-T-S-A plates serially dilute the bacteria 10 to the one to 10 to the eightfold in DPBS plate.10 microliter drops of the serially diluted bacterial suspension onto a sheet blood agar plate in triplicate. Incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. After incubating the plates for 16 to 18 hours, observe and record the hemolysis phenotype of the inocular.Count the colony forming units on the plates. The infection inocular will be calculated based on the colony forming unit. Number on the plates.Prepare a syringe with 100 microliters of the bacterial suspension in DPBS prepared earlier. Prior to injection, mice should be sedated so that their breathing rate is about once per second. For demonstration purposes, a euthanized mouse is shown in this video.Inject the M ser into one flank after injection. Transfer the mouse back to its cage. Observe the animals for three to five hours after injection to make sure the mouse is alive before transfer back to the animal room.Monitor the lesions on the backs of the animals daily after the animals have been sacrificed. Measure and record the size and condition of the lesions on the skin. Both skin and muscle lesion areas are quantified by multiplying the length and width of the lesion in millimeters.Irregularly shaped lesions must be broken down into smaller symmetrical pieces and each piece measured by the same method. Prepare 1.5 milliliter micro centrifuge tubes with 100 microliters of DPBS for tissue collection. Nick the skin with a sterile razor blade and excise the lesion with a pair of sterile scissors.When excising the lesion, make sure that approximately two to five millimeters of healthy skin surrounding the area is also excised. Place the lesion into the tissue collection tubes for analyzing the muscle lesions. Peel the skin off carefully to measure the size and to record the condition of the lesion on the muscle tissue.Collect the spleen and kidneys. Place these tissues in their own individual collection tubes. Homogenize the tissues by agitating with a one milliliter syringe for approximately 30 seconds.Add 900 microliters of DPBS to each tube. Assemble THA plates vortex the homogenized tissue samples for five minutes. Serially dilute the sample.Suspensions tend to the one to 10 to the six fold. In 96, well plates dispense 10 microliters of each serially diluted suspension onto the plates. Incubate the plates in a 37 degrees Celsius bacteria incubator overnight.The next morning, count the colony forming units from the plates and calculate the number of colony forming units based on the dilution factors. If the infection is done correctly, a bleb will be observed on the skin surface immediately after the subcutaneous injection. If no bleb is observed, the injection may be too deep, which may affect the outcome of the infection.Lesion size and bacterial survival may be assessed at various points post-infection with MSA. The following skin lesions were examined on day three post-infection and are examples of a lesion on a CD one mouse infected on one flank with one times 10 to the seven colony forming units. Muscle lesions are typically found in the tissue below the skin lesions.The following are examples of the coinciding muscle surface lesions for the previously shown skin lesion photos. These are muscle lesions observed at day three post infection in a mouse infected with one times 10 to the seven colony forming units. The lesion area is determined as the length times width of the lesion as measured in millimeters and may be measured to assess the tissue damage of skin.The colony forming unit number of the bacteria localized at the infection site can be quantified on excise lesions. The colony forming unit count can indicate whether a virulence factor provides the MSA with a survival advantage. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to use the standard safety precautions due to use of needles and highly pathogenic microbes Following this procedure.Last as the abscess model we uses 1, 000 fold lower inocular compared to our model can be used to answer additional questions such as what are the S factors that promote persistent RSA infection? Don't forget that working with a syringes filled with a Mars A can be extremely dangerous and precautions such as discarding the syringe directly in the sharp, it is important to avoid accidental stabbing by the needle. Also, for this experiment, it is important to follow a standard BS O2 protocols to assure proper disinfection of the work area.So that's it. Thanks for watching. Hi.Hi, bye.

subcutaneous-infection-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Experimental rat endocarditis model due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Rat

Lytic phage biosensors and antibody beads are able to discriminate between methicillin resistant (MRSA) and sensitive staphylococcus bacteria. The phages were immobilized by a Langmuir-Blodgett method onto a surface of a quartz crystal microbalance sensor and worked as broad range staphylococcus probes. Antibody beads recognize MRSA.

Biosensor for Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteria

An approach is described for real-time detection of the innate immune response to cutaneous wounding and Staphylococcus aureus infection of mice. By comparing LysM-EGFP mice (which possess fluorescent neutrophils) with a LysM-EGFP crossbred immunodeficient mouse strain, we advance our understanding of infection and the development of approaches to combat infection.

A Mouse Model to Assess Innate Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus Infection

The present protocol prepares and evaluates the physical properties, immune response, and in vivo protective effect of a novel nanoemulsion adjuvant vaccine.

Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has the capability to disseminate throughout the body, causing persistent and recurrent infections. To better understand these processes, this study establishes an intracellular infection model for S. aureus. This model will provide a crucial foundation for investigating the mechanisms behind intracellular infections.

Development and Assessment of Intracellular Infection Models for Staphylococcus aureus

The present protocol describes a mouse model employing subcutaneous dorsal implantation to investigate implant-associated infections, enabling comprehensive investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms and supporting the development of diagnostic criteria with targeted therapeutic strategies.

Animal Model of Implant-Associated Infections in Mice

Protocols for utilizing open system flow biofilms with drip flow reactors and rotating disk reactors are presented in detail.

The Use of Drip Flow and Rotating Disk Reactors for Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Analysis

Here we describe a growth assay for Staphylococcus aureus using hemoglobin as the sole source of available nutrient iron. This assay establishes the role of bacterial factors involved in hemoglobin-derived iron acquisition.

Staphylococcus aureus Growth using Human Hemoglobin as an Iron Source

We demonstrate a simple multiplex PCR assay for quick-screening and typing of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) types I-V for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and provide some of the vital steps and procedural nuances that make it successful for adapting this assay to individual laboratories.

Multiplex PCR Assay for Typing of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Mec Types I to V in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

We present methods to study the effect of PSMs and other toxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus on neutrophils using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.

Studying Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus with Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry and Time Lapse Microscopy

Learn a murine subcutaneous infection model for studying MRSA virulence and host immune responses using Staphylococcus aureus. This method enables quantification of bacterial dissemination and cytokine analysis.

Subcutaneous Infection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Explore More Videos