Name: Genotyping of Plant and Animal Samples without Prior DNA Purification (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2012-09-24T12:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min
Description: Learn Direct PCR for genotyping plant and animal samples without DNA purification. This method uses direct and dilution protocols with Arabidopsis, oak leaves, and transgenic mice to streamline genetic analysis workflows.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

playerTrialDesktop

For the Arabidopsis samples and the concerned PCR primers we thank Professor Jaakko Kangasj&auml;rvi and his group, The Plant Stress Group, Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki. The experiments with the traditional method were conducted by Mrs. Airi Lamminm&auml;ki.
Transgenic mouse samples were provided by Dr. Jaana Vesterinen, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry, University of Helsinki.
Harris Uni-Core and Harris Cutting Mat are trademarks of Shunderson Communications Inc. All other trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and its subsidiaries.

1. Genotyping of Arabidopsis Plant Individuals with Direct Protocol
<ol>
 <li>To begin the dCAPS genotyping assay directly on the Arabidopsis plant leaf, first formulate 20 or 50 μl PCR reactions using the Phire Plant Direct PCR Kit as described in Table 1. </li>
 <li>Next, cut a 0.50 mm punch from an Arabidopsis plant leaf using the Harris Uni-Core and Harris Cutting Mat. Holding the puncher firmly, press the cutting edge into the tissue and rotate the puncher back and forth. </li>
 <li>Press the plunger to eject the punch disc into a PCR reaction mixture. Ensure that the sample drops into the PCR solution and does not stick to the tube walls. </li>
 <li>Clean the cutting edge of the puncher between each sample to prevent cross-contamination by dipping it into 2% NaClO solution. Press the plunger up and down a few times and wipe the cutting edge with a clean paper towel. The cutting mat should also be rinsed between samples. </li>
 <li>Next, employ a Thermo Scientific Piko 24-well Thermal Cycler and Thermo Scientific Piko PCR Plate to perform the PCR reactions using the cycling conditions described in Table 2. The PCR reactions can also be performed in conventional PCR thermal cyclers. </li>
 <li>After PCR, spin down the plant material. Transfer 5 μl of the supernatant to a new microcentrifuge tube. Add 4 μl of water and 1 μl of restriction enzyme, SspI. Mix gently and spin down briefly to collect contents in the bottom of the tube. Incubate the reaction mixture for one hour at 37 °C. Inactivate the restriction enzyme by incubating at 65 °C for 20 min. </li>
 <li>When amplifying DNA directly from plant tissues, the PCR products include plant and PCR-derived components that may interfere with the restriction digestion enzyme. Therefore, it may be necessary to either dilute (e.g. 1:2 or 1:3 in water) or purify the PCR product before the subsequent digestion, for example by using a suitable commercial kit such as Thermo Scientific GeneJET PCR Purification Kit. </li>
 <li>Following restriction enzyme digestion, analyze the resulting fragments on an agarose gel. Add 2.5 μl of 5x loading buffer to the reaction and perform agarose gel electrophoresis with 10 μl of the resulting mixture. </li>
</ol>
2. Amplifying Specific DNA Fragments from 15-year-old Oak Leaves using the Dilution Protocol
<ol>
 <li>To begin, cut a 2 mm punch of oak leaf.</li>
 <li>Place the sample into 20 μl of Dilution Buffer supplied with the Phire Plant Direct PCR Kit. Clean the cutting edge of the puncher and cutting mat as before. </li>
 <li>Crush the leaf sample with a 100 μl pipette tip by pressing it briefly against the tube wall. Depending on the plant material, the dilution protocol sometimes works better without crushing the sample. </li>
 <li>Spin the samples briefly in a microcentrifuge until the reactions are in the bottom of tubes. </li>
 <li>The supernatant can be used directly in the PCR, or it can be diluted 1:10 or 1:100 in sterile water depending on the sample type. Use 0.5 μl to 1 μl of the supernatant or dilution as a template for a 20 μl PCR reaction. Prepare the reaction as described in Table 1.</li>
 <li>Once the reactions are prepared, employ a Thermo Scientific Piko 24-well Thermal Cycler and Thermo Scientific Piko PCR Plate to perform the PCR reactions using the cycling conditions described in Table 2. The PCR reactions can also be performed in conventional PCR thermal cyclers. </li>
 <li>After PCR, add 5 μl of 5x loading buffer to the reaction and perform agarose gel electrophoresis with 15 μl of the resulting mixture. </li>
</ol>
3. Genotyping of Transgenic Mice using the Dilution Protocol
<ol>
 <li>Begin the dilution protocol on transgenic mice by placing a 2 mm punch of the mouse ear in 20 μl of Dilution Buffer containing 0.5 μl of DNARelease Additive supplied with the Phire Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit. </li>
 <li>Incubate the samples at room temperature for 2 min, followed by 2 min incubation at 98 °C. </li>
 <li>Spin the samples briefly in a microcentrifuge until the reactions are in the bottom of tubes. </li>
 <li>Use 1 μl of supernatant as the template for a 20 μl PCR reaction, prepared as described in Table 3. Any supernatant that is not to be used right away can be transferred to a new tube and stored at -20 °C. </li>
 <li>Next, employ a Thermo Scientific Piko 24-well Thermal Cycler and Thermo Scientific Piko PCR Plate to perform the PCR reactions using the cycling conditions described in Table 4. Again, the PCR reactions can also be performed in conventional PCR cyclers. </li>
 <li>Following PCR, add 5 μl of 5x loading buffer to the reaction and perform agarose gel electrophoresis with 15 μl of the resulting mixture. </li>
</ol>
4. Representative Results
In the dCAPS technique the restriction site within the SNP of interest is either introduced or destroyed using a PCR primer with one or more mismatches to the target DNA. Genotyping of Arabidopsis plant individuals was performed with the dCAPS technique directly from leaf punches. The amplified products were digested and the resulting fragments revealing the genotype of each individual were analyzed by gel electrophoresis (Figure 2). 
In this example, the 160 bp PCR products containing the SNP site of interest (G or A allele) in the Arabidopsis genome were amplified from plant leaf punches with the Phire Plant Direct PCR Kit. The forward primer contained one mismatch at the 3' end, creating an SspI-specific restriction site in the target DNA, which included the SNP of interest (A allele) but not in the other allele of the SNP (Figure 2B). 
Dilution protocols are necessary for challenging plant material, such as the oak leaf, due to its high concentration of phenolic compounds. Using the dilution protocol described here, the 297 bp fragment of chloroplastic DNA was amplified using the 3-step protocol. Oak leaf specimens with different dilutions are shown in Figure 3, in addition to positive and negative controls. 
The Phire Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit was employed with a challenging protocol where only one primer set was used for amplification of two fragments with a large size difference, resulting in abundant yields of both correctly sized products of 1,500 bp for transgenic mice and 200 bp for wild type mice (Figure 4). The weaker upper band with heterozygote mice is due to the competition of both templates (alleles) for the same primer pair; however, the genotyping results are unambiguous. 
The stability of the samples prepared using the dilution protocol was also tested. The results show that the dilution samples can be stored at -20 °C for at least one year. Furthermore, repeated freeze/thaw cycles did not significantly affect the reaction (Figure 5). Also shown is the robust amplification from mouse ear tissue samples using Phire DNA Polymerase and the Direct PCR method compared to hot start Taq polymerase and purified DNA (Figure 6). 
<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td fo:width="2in">Components</td>
 <td fo:width=".75in">20 μl reaction</td>
 <td fo:width=".75in">50 μl reaction</td>
 <td fo:width=".75in">Final Conc.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>H2O</td>
 <td>add to 20 μl</td>
 <td>add to 50 μl</td>
 <td> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2x Phire Plant PCR Buffer</td>
 <td>10 μl</td>
 <td>25 μl</td>
 <td> 1x</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>primer A</td>
 <td>X μl</td>
 <td>X μl</td>
 <td>0.5 μM</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>primer B</td>
 <td>X μl</td>
 <td>X μl</td>
 <td>0.5 μM</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Phire Hot Start II DNA Polymerase</td>
 <td>0.4 μl</td>
 <td> 1 μl </td>
 <td> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sample/direct protocol</td>
 <td> </td>
 <td> 0.50 mm punch </td>
 <td> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sample/dilution protocol</td>
 <td>0.5-1 μl</td>
 <td></td>
 <td> </td>
 </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. Reaction conditions for Plant PCR used in this protocol.
<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td fo:width="1in">Cycle Step</td>
 <td fo:width=".5in">Temp.</td>
 <td fo:width=".5in">Time</td>
 <td fo:width=".4in">Cycles</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Initial denaturation</td>
 <td>98 °C</td>
 <td>5 min</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Denaturing 
 Annealing* 
 Extension</td>
 <td>98 °C 
 X °C 
 72 °C</td>
 <td>5 sec 
 5 sec 
 20 sec</td>
 <td> 40</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Final Extension</td>
 <td>72 °C 
 4 °C</td>
 <td>1 min 
 hold</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 2. Cycling conditions for Plant PCR used in this protocol.
* The Tm calculator at <a href="http://www.thermoscientific.com/pcrwebtools" target="_blank">www.thermoscientific.com/pcrwebtools</a> is recommended when determining the Tm for primers to be used with Phire Hot Start II DNA Polymerase. The recommended annealing temperature for primers ≤ 20 nt is equal to the lower Tm given by the webtool. For primers &gt; 20 nt, use an annealing temperature 3 °C higher than the lower Tm given by the webtool. 
<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td fo:width="2in">Components</td>
 <td fo:width=".75in">20 μl reaction</td>
 <td fo:width=".75in">Final Conc.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>H2O</td>
 <td>add to 20 μl</td>
 <td> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2x Phire Animal Tissue PCR Buffer</td>
 <td>10 μl</td>
 <td>1x</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>primer A</td>
 <td>X μl</td>
 <td>0.5 μM</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>primer B</td>
 <td>X μl</td>
 <td>0.5 μM</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Phire Hot Start II DNA Polymerase</td>
 <td>0.4 μl</td>
 <td> </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sample/dilution protocol</td>
 <td>1 μl</td>
 <td> </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 3. Reaction conditions for Animal Tissue PCR used in this protocol.
<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td fo:width="1in">Cycle Step</td>
 <td fo:width=".5in">Temp.</td>
 <td fo:width=".5in">Time</td>
 <td fo:width=".4in">Cycles</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Initial denaturation</td>
 <td>98 °C</td>
 <td>5 min</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Denaturing 
 Annealing* 
 Extension </td>
 <td>98 °C 
 X °C 
 72 °C </td>
 <td>5 sec 
 5 sec 
 20 sec ≤ 1 kb 
 20 sec/kb &gt; 1 kb</td>
 <td> 40</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Final Extension</td>
 <td>72 °C 
 4 °C</td>
 <td>1 min 
 Hold</td>
 <td>1</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 4. Cycling conditions for Animal Tissue PCR used in this protocol.
* The Tm calculator at <a href="http://www.thermoscientific.com/pcrwebtools" target="_blank">www.thermoscientific.com/pcrwebtools</a> is recommended when determining the Tm for primers to be used with Phire Hot Start II DNA Polymerase. The recommended annealing temperature for primers ≤ 20 nt is equal to the lower Tm given by the webtool. For primers &gt; 20 nt, use an annealing temperature 3 °C higher than the lower Tm given by the webtool. 
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3844/3844fig1.jpg" alt="Direct PCR diagram showing protocols, PCR reaction setup, and thermal cycler for gene amplification." data-altupdatedat="1787630408000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
Figure 1. Direct PCR workflow. Direct PCR can be performed using two alternative protocols. In the direct protocol a tiny amount of sample is added directly to the PCR reaction. The dilution protocol employs a brief pre-incubation step before PCR to release DNA from the sample material.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3844/3844fig2.jpg" alt="SNP genotyping diagram; SspI enzyme digestion, PCR results; DNA electrophoresis gel." data-altupdatedat="1787630408000" data-alt="Figure 2"> 
 Figure 2. Genotyping of Arabidopsis plant individuals with dCAPS technique directly from leaf punches. A) Figure 2A shows the principle of the dCAPS assay performed. The restriction site within the SNP of interest is either introduced or removed by PCR using a primer with one or more mismatches to the target DNA. The PCR products are digested and the resulting fragments reveal the genotype of each individual when analyzed by electrophoresis. B) 0.50 mm punches from plant leaves were placed directly in 50 μl PCR reactions. The 160 bp PCR products containing the SNP site (G or A allele) were amplified with primers introducing a unique SspI site to the A-allele. The unpurified PCR products were digested with SspI restriction enzyme. Resulting fragments were analyzed on a 3% agarose gel. Lane M is the size marker; lanes A and G correspond to the SNP alleles of each sample. The obtained results were confirmed by conventional analysis of DNA extraction followed by PCR and restriction digestion (data not shown). The negative control reactions without template DNA were included in test set up and run on a separate agarose gel in parallel with the actual PCR reactions before performing the digestions (data not shown).
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3844/3844fig3.jpg" alt="Gel electrophoresis results; DNA bands showing size markers; lanes labeled R1, R1N, N97; molecular analysis." fo:content-width="5.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/3844/3844fig3highres.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1787630408000" data-alt="Figure 3"> 
 Figure 3. Dilution protocol using oak leaf samples. The dilution protocol was used to amplify the 297 bp fragment of chloroplastic DNA in oak leaf samples (3-step protocol, annealing at 62 °C) at different dilutions (1:100, 1:10, 1:1 and 2:1) and positive and negative controls [C+: positive control from purified DNA (Arabidopsis), C-: negative control with no template DNA]. The sample nomenclature represents the sample collection site (towns in Finland) and the sample numbering. 
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3844/3844fig4.jpg" alt="Gel electrophoresis results with DNA bands at 1,353 bp and 603 bp; lanes 1-9, DNA fragment analysis." data-altupdatedat="1787630408000" data-alt="Figure 4"> 
 Figure 4. Genotyping of transgenic mice with one primer pair using the dilution protocol. Ear tissues of nine individual mice (lanes 1-9) were placed into 20 μl of Dilution Buffer including DNARelease Additive. After incubations at room temperature and 98 °C, 1 μl of supernatant was used as a template in the 20 μl PCR reaction. Fragment sizes: 1,500 bp (transgenic) and 200 bp (wildtype).
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3844/3844fig5.jpg" alt="Gel electrophoresis results showing DNA fragments; 6,557 bp, 1,353 bp, 872 bp; separation analysis." data-altupdatedat="1787630408000" data-alt="Figure 5"> 
 Figure 5. Samples prepared according to the dilution protocol are stable for long term storage. Samples of mouse ear tissues were incubated in 20 μl of Dilution Buffer including DNARelease Additive and subjected to repeated freezing/thawing (lane 1), stored at -20 °C for one year (lane 2), or used immediately for PCR (lane 3). The amplified fragment sizes were 900 bp, 1,500 bp and 3,200 bp.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3844/3844fig6.jpg" alt="PCR gel electrophoresis results; DNA separation with Taq polymerase using Phire Animal Tissue PCR Kit." data-altupdatedat="1787630408000" data-alt="Figure 6"> 
 Figure 6. Phire Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit outperforms a commercial DNA purification system combined with a hot start Taq DNA polymerase. Four amplicons (0.5-1.5 kb) were amplified from mouse ear tissues using the dilution protocol of Phire Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit. For comparison, DNA was first purified using a commercial DNA extraction kit and the same fragments were amplified using a hot start Taq DNA polymerase according to manufacturers' recommendations. Only with the Phire Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit were all four amplicons successfully amplified.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3844/3844fig7.jpg" alt="Protocol comparison diagram; PCR methods and reagents; DNA isolation, extraction, PCR results." data-altupdatedat="1787630408000" data-alt="Figure 7"> 
 Figure 7. Universal comparison of the workflow with estimation of times/consumed reagents. Thermo Scientific Direct PCR approach is compared to the DNA isolation approach, the Extraction buffer approach, and the PCR buffer approach. The estimated time for each approach prior to the PCR step is listed in red text. The Thermo Scientific Direct PCR approach takes only 0-4 min for sample preparation prior to PCR. Below each method, the consumed reagents are listed. The Thermo Scientific Direct PCR approach uses the least amount of reagents in comparison to the other methods. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3844/3844fig7large.jpg" target="_blank"> Click here to view larger figure</a>.

<ol><li>Doyle, J. J., Doyle, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+rapid+DNA+isolation+procedure+for+small+quantities+of+fresh+leaf+tissue%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Phytochemical+Bulletin%22%5BJournal%5D)">A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue.</a> Phytochemical Bulletin. 19, 11-15 (1987).</li>
<li>Kim, C. S., Lee, C. H., Shin, J. S., Chung, Y. S., Hyung, N. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+simple+and+rapid+method+for+isolation+of+high+quality+genomic+DNA+from+fruit+trees+and+conifers+using+PVP%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nucleic+Acids+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">A simple and rapid method for isolation of high quality genomic DNA from fruit trees and conifers using PVP.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 25, 1085-1086 (1997).</li>
<li>Neff, M. M., Neff, J. D., Chory, J., Pepper, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((dCAPS%2C+a+simple+technique+for+the+genetic+analysis+of+single+nucleotide+polymorphisms%3A+experimental+applications+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana+genetics%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">dCAPS, a simple technique for the genetic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms: experimental applications in Arabidopsis thaliana genetics.</a> The Plant Journal. 14, 387-392 (1998).</li>
<li>Michaels, S. D., Amasino, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+robust+method+for+detecting+single-nucleotide+changes+as+polymorphic+markers+by+PCR%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">A robust method for detecting single-nucleotide changes as polymorphic markers by PCR.</a> The Plant Journal. 14, 381-385 (1998).</li>
<li>John, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+efficient+method+for+isolation+of+RNA+and+DNA+from+plants+containing+polyphenolics%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nucleic+Acids+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">An efficient method for isolation of RNA and DNA from plants containing polyphenolics.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 20, 2381-23 (1992).</li>
<li>Wang, Z., Storm, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Extraction+of+DNA+from+mouse+tails%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22BioTechniques%22%5BJournal%5D)">Extraction of DNA from mouse tails.</a> BioTechniques. 41, 410-412 (2006).</li>
<li>Malumbres, M., Mangues, R., Ferrer, N., Lu, S., Pellicer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Isolation+of+High+Molecular+Weight+DNA+for+Reliable+Genotyping+of+Mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22BioTechniques%22%5BJournal%5D)">Isolation of High Molecular Weight DNA for Reliable Genotyping of Mice.</a> BioTechniques. 22, 1114-1119 (1997).</li>
<li>Yang, Y., Kim, J. Y., Soh, M. S., Kim, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+simple+and+rapid+gene+amplification+from+Arabidopsis+Leaves+Using+AnyDirect+system%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">A simple and rapid gene amplification from Arabidopsis Leaves Using AnyDirect system.</a> Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 40, 444-447 (2007).</li>
<li>Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E., Maniatis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aSambrook%2C+J+%22Molecular+Cloning%3A+A+Laboratory%22">Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory</a>. , 2nd ed, CSH Laboratory Press. Cold Spring Harbor, NY. (1989).</li>
<li>Meldgaard, M., Bollen, P. J. A., Finsen, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Non-invasive+method+for+sampling+and+extraction+of+mouse+DNA+for+PCR%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Laboratory+Animals%22%5BJournal%5D)">Non-invasive method for sampling and extraction of mouse DNA for PCR.</a> Laboratory Animals. 3, 413-441 (2004).</li>
</ol>

Production and Free Access to this article is sponsored by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.

The Direct PCR approach demonstrated here allows for PCR amplification directly from small amounts of unpurified samples, reducing the time needed and simplifying the workflow for plant and animal genotyping (Figure 7). Also demonstrated here is the use of the dilution protocol in combination with the Direct PCR approach (Figure 3). The dilution protocol is recommended with difficult samples (e.g. aged plant leaves, plant species that contain interfering compounds) or with long (or GC-rich) amplicons. This protocol is particularly useful when starting a new Direct PCR experiment, allowing for optimization of the reaction. The protocol can serve as a tool to address occasional difficulties such as low product yields due to differences in tissue material and/or primers used. Furthermore, when running multiple reactions from the same sample, use of the dilution protocol ensures the entire sample is not consumed in one reaction. 
In order to purify DNA from plants for PCR, the convention was to perform cell lysis followed by DNA isolation using various components that could potentially interfere with PCR analysis8. For particularly challenging plants with high phenolic content, addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone was traditionally used to remove the compounds that bind to DNA following cell lysis2,5. As evident here, these complicated, time-intensive steps can be avoided through use of the Phire Plant Direct PCR Kit to detect the target DNA. Cell lysis and DNA isolation steps can be omitted using the sensitive dCAPS techniques directly from Arabidopsis plant leaves (Figure 2). As demonstrated here, the dilution protocol effectively manages the presence of problematic components that can interfere with PCR (Figure 3). 
Traditionally, a prerequisite to animal genotyping was isolation of genomic DNA from animal tissue through a toxic, time-consuming process characterized by a lengthy incubation with proteinase K to digest skin and connective tissue, followed by organic solvent extraction, alcohol precipitation, and centrifugation steps6,9,10. As demonstrated here, simplification of this process is achieved through use of the Phire Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit, allowing transgenic mice to be genotyped without prior DNA purification (Figure 4). The example demonstrated in this article is particularly challenging as only one primer set was used for amplification of two fragments with a large size difference. Despite the protocol's innate difficulty, use of the Direct PCR approach in conjunction with the simple dilution protocol resulted in high yields of the two PCR products (Figure 4).
PCR-based target DNA detection has many applications in research, including genotype analysis to identify the roles of genes in development, physiology and disease. Due to the inhibitor tolerance of the specialized DNA polymerases, the protocols can be completed in minimal time without prior DNA purification.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Phire Plant Direct PCR Kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>F-130</td><td>200 reactions (50 &amp;mu;l each)</td></tr><tr><td>Phire Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>F-140</td><td>200 reations (50 &amp;mu;l each)</td></tr><tr><td>Harris Uni-Core 0.35 mm (pink)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>F-180S/L</td><td>Qty: 5/25</td></tr><tr><td>Harris Uni-Core 0.50 mm (blue)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>F-185S/L</td><td>Qty: 5/25</td></tr><tr><td>Harris Cutting Mat 6.4 &amp;#215; 7.6 cm</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>F-190</td><td>Qty: 5</td></tr><tr><td>SspI</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>ER0771</td><td>100 &amp;mu;l (100 reactions)</td></tr><tr><td>Piko 24-Well Thermal Cycler</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>TCP0024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24-Well Piko PCR Plates</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>SLP0241</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GeneJET PCR&lt;br/&gt; Purification Kit</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>K0701&lt;br/&gt; K0702</td><td>50 preps&lt;br/&gt; 250 preps</td></tr></tbody></table>

genotyping of plant and animal samples without prior dna purification

Genotyping of Plant and Animal Samples without Prior DNA Purification

The Direct PCR approach facilitates PCR amplification directly from small amounts of unpurified samples, and is demonstrated here for several plant and animal tissues (Figure 1). Direct PCR is based on specially engineered Thermo Scientific Phusion and Phire DNA Polymerases, which include a double-stranded DNA binding domain that gives them unique properties such as high tolerance of inhibitors.
PCR-based target DNA detection has numerous applications in plant research, including plant genotype analysis and verification of transgenes. PCR from plant tissues traditionally involves an initial DNA isolation step, which may require expensive or toxic reagents. The process is time consuming and increases the risk of cross contamination1, 2. Conversely, by using Thermo Scientific Phire Plant Direct PCR Kit the target DNA can be easily detected, without prior DNA extraction. In the model demonstrated here, an example of derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis (dCAPS)3,4 is performed directly from Arabidopsis plant leaves. dCAPS genotyping assays can be used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by SNP allele-specific restriction endonuclease digestion3. 
Some plant samples tend to be more challenging when using Direct PCR methods as they contain components that interfere with PCR, such as phenolic compounds. In these cases, an additional step to remove the compounds is traditionally required2,5. Here, this problem is overcome by using a quick and easy dilution protocol followed by Direct PCR amplification (Figure 1). Fifteen year-old oak leaves are used as a model for challenging plants as the specimen contains high amounts of phenolic compounds including tannins. 
Gene transfer into mice is broadly used to study the roles of genes in development, physiology and human disease. The use of these animals requires screening for the presence of the transgene, usually with PCR. Traditionally, this involves a time consuming DNA isolation step, during which DNA for PCR analysis is purified from ear, tail or toe tissues6,7. However, with the Thermo Scientific Phire Animal Tissue Direct PCR Kit transgenic mice can be genotyped without prior DNA purification. In this protocol transgenic mouse genotyping is achieved directly from mouse ear tissues, as demonstrated here for a challenging example where only one primer set is used for amplification of two fragments differing greatly in size.

The Direct PCR approach presented here facilitates PCR amplification directly from small amounts of unpurified plant and animal tissue.

The Direct PCR approach facilitates PCR amplification directly from small amounts of unpurified samples, and is demonstrated here for several plant and ...

The overall goal of this video is to demonstrate three examples of PCR amplification directly from small amounts of un purified samples, including plant and animal tissues. Direct PCR can be performed using two alternative protocols. In the direct protocol, a tiny amount of un purified sample is added directly to the PCR reaction, whereas the dilution protocol requires a brief pre incubation step before PCR to release DNA from the sample material.In the first example, genotyping of arabidopsis is achieved using the direct protocol. An allele specific restriction site is introduced into target DNA, and then allele specific single nucleotide polymorphisms are identified following restriction endonuclease digestion. Next, the dilution protocol is employed to first amplify specific DNA fragments from 15-year-old oak leaves, and then to genotype transgenic mice directly from mouse ear tissue.In all three examples, DNA amplification is achieved without any sample purification steps prior to PCR through the direct PCR method. The main advantage of direct PCR over the traditional methods is that no DNA extraction or purification steps are required. This translates to savings in both time and expenses.Begin the derived cleaved, amplified polymorphic sequence analysis or decaps genotyping assay by first formulating 20 or 50 microliter PCR reactions using the plant direct PCR kit as described in the written protocol. Next, cut a 0.50 millimeter punch from an Arabidopsis plant leaf using the Harris Uni unicorn and cutting mat, holding the puncher firmly. Press the cutting edge into the tissue and rotate the puncher back and forth.Press the plunger to eject the punch disc into a PCR reaction mixture. Ensure that the sample drops into the PCR solution and does not stick to the two walls. To avoid cross-contamination in the direct protocol, it is critical to use the correct method for cleaning the sampling tool.Clean the cutting edge of the puncher between each sample by dipping it into a 2%sodium hypochlorite solution. Press the plunger up and down a few times and wipe the cutting edge with a clean paper towel. The cutting mat should also be rinsed between samples.Next, employ a Pico 24 well thermal cycler and PCR plate to perform the PCR reactions using the cycling conditions described in the text accompanying this video After PCR, spin the plant material. Transfer five microliters of the supernatant to a new micro centrifuge tube following edition of four microliters of water. Add one microliter of the restriction endonuclease SSP one mix gently and briefly centrifuge to collect the contents in the bottom of the tube.Incubate the reaction mixture for one hour at 37 degrees Celsius. Then inactivate the restriction enzyme by incubating at 65 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Following restriction enzyme digestion, add 2.5 microliters of five x loading buffer to the reaction.Perform aros gel electrophoresis to analyze the resulting fragments by loading 10 microliters of the resulting mixture into the gel. Well, to begin, cut a two millimeter punch of oak leaf. Place the sample into 20 microliters of dilution buffer supplied with the plant direct PCR kit.Clean the cutting edge of the puncture and cutting mat as before, crush the leaf sample with a 100 microliter pipette tip by pressing it briefly against the tube wall. Spin the samples briefly in a micro centrifuge tube until the reactions are in the bottom of tubes. The supernatant can be used directly in the PCR or it can be diluted one to 10 or one to 100 in sterile water.Depending on the sample type, use 0.5 microliters to one microliter of the supernatant or dilution as a template for a 20 microliter PCR reaction. Set up the reactions as described in the written protocol. Once the reactions are prepared, use the PICO 24 well thermal cycler and PCR plate to perform the PCR reactions using the cycling conditions described in the text.After PCR, add five microliters of five x loading buffer to the reaction and perform aros gel electrophoresis with 15 microliters of the resulting mixture. Begin the dilution protocol for genotyping transgenic mice by placing a two millimeter punch of mouse ear tissue in 20 microliters of dilution buffer containing 0.5 microliters of DNA release additive supplied with the animal tissue. Direct PCR kit incubate the samples at room temperature for two minutes, followed by a two minute incubation at 98 degrees Celsius.After centrifuging the samples, use one microliter of supernatant as the template for a 20 microliter PCR reaction. Any supernatant that is not to be used right away can be transferred to a new tube and stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius As a final step, the 24 well thermal cycler and PCR plate are used to perform the PCR reactions using the cycling conditions listed in the written procedure Following PCR, add five microliters of five x loading buffer to the reaction and perform aros gel electrophoresis with 15 microliters of the resulting mixture in the D caps technique. The restriction site within the snip of interest is either introduced or destroyed using a PCR primer with one or more mismatches to the target DNA.In this example, the 160 base pair of PCR products containing the snip site of interest g or a allele in the arabidopsis genome were amplified from plant leaf punches with the fire plant direct PCR kit. The forward primer contained one mismatch at the three prime end creating an SS P one specific restriction site in the target DNA, which included the A allele but not in the other allele of the snip. The un purified PCR products were digested with SS P one restriction enzyme resulting fragments were analyzed on an aros gel lane's g and a correspond to the snip alleles of each sample.In this image, the intact PCR products are on the left and the digested fragments are on the right. Dilution protocols are necessary for challenging plant material such as the oak leaf due to its high concentration of phenolic compounds using the dilution protocol described here. The 297 base pair fragment of chloro plastic DNA was amplified with a three-step protocol.Oak leaf specimens with different dilution are shown in addition to positive and negative controls. The fire animal tissue direct PCR kit was employed for amplification of two fragments with a large size difference using only one primer set and resulted in abundant yields of both correctly sized products of 1500 base pairs for transgenic mice and 200 base pairs for wild type mice. The weaker upper band with heterozygote mice is due to the competition of both templates for the same primer repair.However, the genotyping results are unambiguous. The stability of the samples prepared using the dilution protocol was also tested. The results show that diluted samples subjected to repeated freeze thaw cycles and those stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius for at least one year were comparable to samples that were used immediately for PCR To further test the performance of this procedure, four Amplicons were amplified from mouse ear tissues using the dilution protocol of the fire animal tissue direct PCR kit.For comparison, DNA was first purified using a commercial DNA extraction kit and the same fragments were amplified using a hot start tac DNA polymerase according to manufacturer's recommendations only with the fire animal tissue direct PCR kit were all four amplicons successfully Amplified Direct PCR is especially useful in genotyping studies requiring amplification of large numbers of samples. Skipping the DNA purification step can significantly reduce the time needed to perform the experiment. The technique provides additional benefits by reducing contamination risk and saving valuable sample material.

genotyping-of-plant-and-animal-samples-without-prior-dna-purification

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

We present a noninvasive sampling approach to efficiently collect hair samples from elusive small mammals, as shown for the American pika. We demonstrate the utility of this method by extracting DNA from sampled hair and amplifying several types of molecular markers commonly used in studies of wildlife ecology and conservation.

A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals

A fundamental quest in cell biology is to define the mechanisms that underlie the identity of the organelles that make eukaryotic cells. Here we propose a method to identify the genes responsible for the morphological and functional integrity of plant organelles using fluorescence microscopy and next-generation sequencing tools.

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

We describe procedures for labeling and genotyping newborn mice and generating primary neuronal cultures from them. The genotyping is rapid, efficient and reliable, and allows for automated nucleic-acid extraction. This is especially useful for neonatally lethal mice and their cultures that require prior completion of genotyping.

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

Using the cystic fibrosis airway as an example, the manuscript presents a comprehensive workflow comprising a combination of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches to characterize the microbial and viral communities in animal-associated samples.

Purifying the Impure: Sequencing Metagenomes and Metatranscriptomes from Complex Animal-associated Samples

Bacterial effector proteins are important for establishing successful infections. This protocol describes the experimental identification of proteinaceous binding partners of a bacterial effector protein in its natural plant host. Identifying these effector interactions via yeast two-hybrid screens has become an important tool in unravelling molecular pathogenicity strategies.

Unravelling the Function of a Bacterial Effector from a Non-cultivable Plant Pathogen Using a Yeast Two-hybrid Screen

Described here is a method for the extraction, purification, and quality control of genomic DNA from the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen, powdery mildew, for use in long-read genome sequencing.

Purification of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Powdery Mildew for Long-Read Sequencing

The comparison and optimization of two plant organellar DNA enrichment methods are presented: traditional differential centrifugation and fractionation of the total gDNA based on methylation status. We assess the resulting DNA quantity and quality, demonstrate performance in short-read next-generation sequencing, and discuss the potential for use in long-read single-molecule sequencing.

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Using a pBIBAC-GW binary vector makes generating transgenic plants with intact single-copy insertions, an easy process. Here, a series of protocols is presented that guide the reader through the process of generating transgenic Arabidopsis plants, and testing the plants for intactness and copy number of the inserts.

Generating Transgenic Plants with Single-copy Insertions Using BIBAC-GW Binary Vector

The purpose of this protocol is to use a combination of computational and bench research to find novel sequences that cannot be easily separated from a co-purifying sequence, which may be only partially known.

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

The present protocol describes the use of DNA barcoding technology to authenticate plant-based medicinal materials, and the medicinal plant Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels was identified as an example.

Application of DNA Barcoding to Identify Medicinal Plants

Learn Direct PCR for genotyping plant and animal samples without DNA purification. This method uses direct and dilution protocols with Arabidopsis, oak leaves, and transgenic mice to streamline genetic analysis workflows.

Genotyping of Plant and Animal Samples without Prior DNA Purification

Explore More Videos