Name: Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2015-05-24T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 41 s
Description: Learn whole vitreous humor dissection for vitreodynamic analysis using porcine eyes. This method isolates intact cores and cortexes to study physical, biomechanical and chemical properties.

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5 minutes

The authors acknowledge the following funding sources, Whittier Foundation, Harrington Foundation, National Institutes of Health and Research to Prevent Blindness.

All enucleated eyes were obtained from an abattoir and all experiments were performed in accordance with institutional biosafety laws.
<ol>
	<li>Secure enucleated eye down on a surface. Do this by placing tissue pins through the excess tissue around the eye and securing it down into a Styrofoam board.</li>
	<li>Dissect and detach perilimbal conjunctiva from eye.
	<ol>
		<li>Use fine forceps (0.3 forceps) and microscissors (Westcott scissors) to incise the conjunctiva at the limbus and bluntly dissect it off the sclera. Cut the conjunctiva along the limbus as the blunt dissection proceeds to allow further dissection.</li>
		<li>Remove conjunctiva all the way around the eye (360 degrees) to expose as much sclera as possible. 
		NOTE: It is helpful to leave a small amount of conjunctiva to facilitate fixating the eye with the surgical pins or a forceps during the rest of the procedure.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Create a full thickness scleral flap along one side of the eye (scalpel blade 69).
	<ol>
		<li>Make a ~5 mm scleral incision parallel to the limbus and 3 mm posterior to the limbus by gently cutting into the sclera with a scalpel (scalpel blade 11) until darkly pigmented choroid is visible. Be careful not to incise the choroid itself.</li>
		<li>Carefully dissect along the plane between the sclera and choroid, either with scissors (using blunt dissection) or with the scalpel, until it is possible to enlarge the potential space between these tissues by pushing the choroid gently inward.</li>
		<li>Make another scleral incision perpendicular to the first scleral incision with sharp microscissors, creating a T-shaped incision.</li>
		<li>Then continue to bluntly dissect in a circumferential fashion to remove the scleral tissue from the underlying choroid and gently push the choroid away from the sclera as mentioned above.</li>
		<li>Enlarge the scleral flap as needed.
		<ol>
			<li>Gently blunt dissect the choroid away from the sclera throughout the process.</li>
			<li>Enlarge the flap until the incision made perpendicular to the limbus reaches the optic nerve and the incision made parallel to the limbus is at least one-third of the eye circumference (45&#176;).</li>
			<li>Use the scleral flap as a source of leverage for manipulating the eye during blunt dissection. The counter-traction on the flap makes it easier for blunt dissection.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Repeat the previous step on the other scleral flap.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Cut away the scleral flaps to expose a large area of choroid.</li>
	<li>Continue the incision made in step 3 around the eye&#8217;s circumference (360 degrees).</li>
	<li>Remove the remaining choroid-retina tissue.
	<ol>
		<li>Within the exposed region, use a cotton-tip to gently brush off the choroid-retina tissue remaining. Alternatively, gently grab the tissue with forceps and peel it off the underlying vitreous body.</li>
		<li>If necessary make an incision into the choroid starting from the optic nerve. Then peel away the choroid gently to expose the retina and vitreous cortex.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Continue blunt dissecting the choroid away from the sclera and then peel away the choroid to obtain the whole, intact vitreous.</li>
	<li>Use the scleral rim attached to the cornea to position the whole vitreous in desired location. At this point, the vitreous is attached to the anterior sclera and lens.</li>
	<li>Blunt dissect the vitreous from the inside of the sclera, around the lens, removing all sclera.</li>
	<li>Use a blunt tool to scoop the lens away from the vitreous if need be. Use the sample for various vitreodynamic experiments.
	<ol>
		<li>Place sample in a glass beaker with known surface area exposed to air. Place oxygen sensitive probe at the edge of the sample. Use a micro-manipulator to move the probe to a known distance (r) into the sample.</li>
		<li>Use Fick&#8217;s laws of diffusion to obtain the theoretical diffusion equation. With the data collected in step 10.1, obtain the experimental diffusion coefficient/reaction term etc.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Siggers, J. H., Ethier, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Fluid+Mechanics+of+the+Eye%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annual+Review+of+Fluid+Mechanics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Fluid Mechanics of the Eye.</a> Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 44 (1), 347-372 (2012).</li>
<li>Sebag, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Age-related+changes+in+human+vitreous+structure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Graefes+Arch+Clin+Exp+Ophthalmol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Age-related changes in human vitreous structure.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 225 (2), 89-93 (1987).</li>
<li>Grignolo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Fibrous+components+of+the+vitreous+body%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22AMA+Arch+Ophthalmol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Fibrous components of the vitreous body.</a> AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 47 (6), 760-774 (1952).</li>
<li>Gisladottir, S., Loftsson, T., Stefansson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Diffusion+characteristics+of+vitreous+humour+and+saline+solution+follow+the+Stokes+Einstein+equation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22G+Graefes+Arch+Clin+Exp+Ophthalmol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Diffusion characteristics of vitreous humour and saline solution follow the Stokes Einstein equation.</a> G Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 247 (12), 1677-1684 (2009).</li>
<li>Xu, J., Heys, J. J., Barocas, V. H., Randolph, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Permeability+and+diffusion+in+vitreous+humor%3A+implications+for+drug+delivery%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Pharm+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Permeability and diffusion in vitreous humor: implications for drug delivery.</a> Pharm Res. 17 (6), 664-669 (2000).</li>
<li>Watts, F., Tan, L. E., Wilson, C. G., Girkin, J. M., Tassieri, M., Wright, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Investigating+the+micro-rheology+of+the+vitreous+humor+using+an+optically+trapped+local+probe%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Optics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Investigating the micro-rheology of the vitreous humor using an optically trapped local probe.</a> Journal of Optics. 16 (1), 015301(2014).</li>
<li>Skeie, J. M., Mahajan, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Dissection+of+human+vitreous+body+elements+for+proteomic+analysis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Dissection of human vitreous body elements for proteomic analysis.</a> J Vis Exp. (47), e2455(2011).</li>
<li>Abdallah, W., Ameri, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Vitreal+oxygenation+in+retinal+ischemia+reperfusion%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Invest+Ophthalmol+Vis+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Vitreal oxygenation in retinal ischemia reperfusion.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (2), 1035-1042 (2011).</li>
<li>Goldenberg, D., Trese, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pharmacologic+vitreodynamics%3A+what+is+it%3F+Why+is+it+important%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Expert+Review+of+Ophthalmology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pharmacologic vitreodynamics: what is it? Why is it important.</a> Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 3 (3), 273-277 (2008).</li>
<li>Choonara, Y. E., Pillay, V., Danckwerts, M. P., Carmichael, T. R., du Toit, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+review+of+implantable+intravitreal+drug+delivery+technologies+for+the+treatment+of+posterior+segment+eye+diseases%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Pharm+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">A review of implantable intravitreal drug delivery technologies for the treatment of posterior segment eye diseases.</a> J Pharm Sci. 99 (5), 2219-2239 (2010).</li>
<li>Balachandran, R. K., Barocas, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Computer+modeling+of+drug+delivery+to+the+posterior+eye%3A+effect+of+active+transport+and+loss+to+choroidal+blood+flow%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Pharm+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Computer modeling of drug delivery to the posterior eye: effect of active transport and loss to choroidal blood flow.</a> Pharm Res. 25 (11), 2685-2696 (2008).</li>
<li>Smith, C. a, Newson, T. a, et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+framework+for+modeling+ocular+drug+transport+and+flow+through+the+eye+using+micro-CT%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Phys+Med+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">A framework for modeling ocular drug transport and flow through the eye using micro-CT.</a> Phys Med Biol. 57 (19), 6295-6307 (2012).</li>
<li>Quiram, P. A., Leverenz, V. R., Baker, R. M., Dang, L., Giblin, F. J., Trese, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Microplasmin-induced+posterior+vitreous+detachment+affects+vitreous+oxygen+levels%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Retina%22%5BJournal%5D)">Microplasmin-induced posterior vitreous detachment affects vitreous oxygen levels.</a> Retina. 27 (8), 1090-1096 (2007).</li>
<li>Shui, Y., Holekamp, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+gel+state+of+the+vitreous+and+ascorbate-dependent+oxygen+consumption%3A+relationship+to+the+etiology+of+nuclear+cataracts%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Arch+Ophthalmol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The gel state of the vitreous and ascorbate-dependent oxygen consumption: relationship to the etiology of nuclear cataracts.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 127 (4), 475-482 (2009).</li>
<li>Burk, S. E., Da Mata, A. P., Snyder, M. E., Schneider, S., Osher, R. H., Cionni, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Visualizing+vitreous+using+kenalog+suspension%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Cataract+Refract+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Visualizing vitreous using kenalog suspension.</a> J Cataract Refract Surg. 29 (4), 645-651 (2003).</li>
<li>Spaide, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Visualization+of+the+Posterior+Vitreous+with+Dynamic+Focusing+and+Windowed+Averaging+Swept+Source+Optical+Coherence+Tomography%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Ophthalmol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Visualization of the Posterior Vitreous with Dynamic Focusing and Windowed Averaging Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography.</a> Am J Ophthalmol. S0002-9394 (14), 00537-00536 (2014).</li>
<li>Domalpally, A., Gangaputra, S., Danis, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aDomalpally%2C+A+%22Diseases+of+the+Vitreo-Macular+Interface%22">Diseases of the Vitreo-Macular Interface</a>. 21, Springer. Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin, Heidelberg. 21-27 (2014).</li>
<li>Stocchino, R., Repetto, A., Cafferata, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Experimental+investigation+of+vitreous+humour+motion+within+a+human+eye+model%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Phys+Med+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Experimental investigation of vitreous humour motion within a human eye model.</a> Phys Med Biol. 50 (19), 4729-4743 (2005).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

There are two critical steps that must be carefully performed during vitreous dissection. Step 3, creating a full thickness scleral flap, is crucial to the entire dissection. Care should be taken to not cut into the choroid when creating the full thickness scleral flap. The other critical step is dissecting away the sclera from the choroid. This step must be carefully done to prevent creating multiple holes in the choroid from which the vitreous can spill out. There is a way to modify the protocol and still dissect intac...

The goal of this method is to detail a technique to isolate a whole, intact vitreous body, with the vitreous core and cortex intact, from a cadaver eye, for the purposes of vitreodynamic analysis. As the field of vitreous physiology has grown, multi-disciplinary researchers, such as fluid mechanics researchers, are investigating the physical and biomechanical properties of the vitreous1. To this end, it is essential to detail a technique to isolate the whole, intact vitreous body to aid multi-disciplinary researchers.
Sebag et al.2 and others3 performed elegant whole vitreous dissections on human cadaver eyes and showed illustrations of the results. However, the technique used was not described in detail and non-experts would not be able to replicate the method independently. Other studies have harvested vitreous from cadaver eyes using simpler methods such as aspiration or partial dissection, both of which do not result in a whole, intact vitreous body. Gisladottis et al.4 and Xu et al.5 investigate permeability in vitreous humor harvested from cadaver eyes. However, since no method of vitreous extraction was described, it was assumed that they aspirated the vitreous humor with a syringe. Watts et al.6 went one step further by describing a method of isolating rabbit vitreous humor with a surgical technique. However, this method results in an isolation of just the vitreous core and not the vitreous cortex. Skeie et al.7 later organized the vitreous into 4 unique regions and elegantly described a method to dissect out each part for analysis. This technique however, does not result in an intact vitreous as a whole.
The current technique was developed to facilitate biophysical experiments that are currently only performed in cadaver eyes. Previous methods, as described above, are limited because 1) none completely isolate the whole vitreous body, 2) harvested vitreous core and cortex are homogenized, 3) vitreous anatomical structure is not maintained, or 4) dissection techniques are not adequately detailed for replication by researchers in other fields. In addition, due to the opacity of sclera and choroid, visualization of the vitreous body is limited in the intact eyeball. This limits the precision and feasibility of measurements that can be made inside the whole eye. In addition, the anatomical structures surrounding the vitreous can confound the study of biochemical and physical properties of the vitreous.
In recent years, the body of vitreous science has grown tremendously and there is reason to believe that the whole vitreous body has different properties than its individual parts. There is growing interest in investigating the physical, biomechanical, and chemical properties of the vitreous for vitreodynamics research, which has applications in clinical medicine such as drug delivery, intravitreal oxygenation8 and vitrectomy. Pharmacological vitreodynamics, which uses pharmacologic agents to manipulate the vitreous, can be used to improve vitrectomy outcomes9. Biomechanical properties are used to model vitreous fluid flow, which can be used to improve intravitreal drug delivery technologies10&#8211;12. Physical properties of various segments of the vitreous are crucial to understanding vitreo-retinal oxygen transport13. The proposed vitreous dissection technique can be used to study various properties of the intact vitreous humor. It enables bench-top experiments to be done on whole, intact vitreous bodies with better visualization.
In summary, current methods for study of the vitreous are either not adequately described, or result in an incomplete isolation the vitreous core and cortex. Therefore, there is a need to perform experiments in a transparent eye model while retaining the anatomy of the vitreous that exists in the cadaver eye.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.3 forceps</td><td>Storz Opthalmics</td><td>E1793</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Westcott Tenotomy Scissors Curved Right</td><td>Storz Opthalmics</td><td>E3320 R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Handle No. 3</td><td>VWR</td><td>25607-947</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Blade, #11, for #3 Handle</td><td>VWR</td><td>470174-844</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

whole vitreous humor dissection for vitreodynamic analysis

Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis

The authors propose an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes. While previous studies have shown the results of such dissections, the detailed steps have not been described, precluding researchers outside the field from replicating their methods. Other studies harvest vitreous either through aspiration, which does not maintain the vitreous structure anatomy, or through partial dissection, which only isolates the vitreous core. The proposed method isolates the whole vitreous body, with the vitreous core and cortex intact, while maintaining vitreous anatomy and structural integrity. In this method, a full thickness scleral flap in an enucleated porcine eye is first created and through this, the choroid tissue can be separated from the sclera. The scleral flap is then expanded and the choroid is completely separated from the sclera. Finally the choroid-retina tissue is peeled off the vitreous to leave an isolated intact vitreous body. The proposed vitreous dissection technique can be used to study physical properties of the vitreous humor. In particular, this method has significance for experimental studies involving drug delivery, vitreo-retinal oxygen transport, and intraocular convection.

Following the protocol will lead to a successful vitreous dissection with the core and cortex (Figure 3) intact. This is evident from the residual pieces of retina adhered to the vitreous cortex. Intact whole vitreous humor can be used in several ways for specific vitreodynamic experiments. In our case, the diffusion rate of oxygen in intact vitreous humor and it’s corresponding time constant was studied (Figure 2). Vitreous that was dissected (core and cortex) using our method was place...

The goal of this protocol is to show an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes.

The authors propose an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes. While previous ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to show an effective technique for isolating whole intact vitreous cores and cortexes from postmortem and nucleated porcine eyes. This is accomplished by first dissecting away the peri limbal conjunctiva and exposing the sclera. In the second step, a full thickness scleral flap is created and expanded.The choroid is then separated away from the sclera and the choroid retina tissue is peeled away from the vitreous. Ultimately, the whole intact vitreous core and cortex dissection can be used to study the physical, biomechanical and chemical properties of the vitreous humor. The main advantage of this technique over other existing methods like partial vitreous dissections, is that this technique results in the isolation of the whole Intact vi is core and cortex of maintaining vitreous anatomical structure Begin by pinning the enucleated eye through the surrounding excess tissue onto a styrofoam dissection board.Once the eye is secure, use fine forceps and micro scissors to incise the conjunctiva at the limbus and bluntly dissect it off the sclera. Cut the conjunctiva along the limbus as the blunt dissection proceeds to allow further dissection. Then remove all but a small amount of conjunctiva all the way around the eye to expose as much sclera as possible.Next, use the scalpel to gently make a scleral incision about five millimeters parallel and three millimeters posterior to the limbus until the darkly pigmented choroid is visible to create a scleral flap. Then carefully blunt, dissect the tissue along the plane between the sclera and the choroid until it is possible to push the choroid gently inward to enlarge the space between the two tissues. Using sharp micro scissors, make another scleral cut perpendicular to the first to create a T-shaped incision.Then continue to bluntly dissect circumferentially to remove the scleral tissue away from the underlying choroid, and gently push the choroid away from the sclera to enlarge the flap. Gently blunt, dissect the choroid away from the sclera until the incision made perpendicular to the limbus reaches the optic nerve and the incision made parallel to the limbus is at least 45 degrees of the eye's circumference. Use this flap to repeat the blunt dissection on the other side of the eye.Then cut away both scleral flaps to expose a large area of the choroid. Now, continue the incision around the eye's circumference blunt. Dissect the choroid away from the sclera, and remove the remaining choroid retina tissue within the exposed region.Make an incision into the choroid starting from the optic nerve. Then use forceps to gently peel the tissue off of the underlying vitreous body. Continue blunt dissecting and peeling away the choroid until the whole intact vitreous is obtained.Then use the scleral rim attached to the cornea to position the whole vitreous in the desired location. At this point, the vitreous should still be attached to the anterior sclera and lens. Finally, blunt, dissect the vitreous from the inside of the sclera and around the lens.To remove all of the sclera, use a blunt tool to scoop the lens away from the vitreous as necessary. Following the protocol as just demonstrated will lead to a successful vitreous dissection with the core and cortex intact as evident from the residual pieces of retina adhered to the vitreous cortex. In this image, the intact whole vitreous humor can then be used in several ways for specific viremic experiments.For example, here the diffusion rate of oxygen in an intact vitreous humor and its corresponding time constant was studied in the presence of the vitreous cortex. The diffusion of the oxygen occurred over a longer interval. Don't forget that working with sharps can be hazardous, and precautions such as proper handling and disposal of s must always be taken while performing this procedure.

whole-vitreous-humor-dissection-for-vitreodynamic-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

This video shows an effective technique for differentiating and dissecting the various semi-transparent structures of the human vitreous body in post mortem eyes.

Dissection of Human Vitreous Body Elements for Proteomic Analysis

The dissection technique illustrates evisceration of the vitreous, retina, and lens from the mouse eye, separation by centrifugation, and characterization with protein assays.

Evisceration of Mouse Vitreous and Retina for Proteomic Analyses

The non-human primate (NHP) is an ideal model for studying human retinal cellular therapeutics due to the anatomical and genetic similarities. This manuscript describes a method for submacular transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells in the NHP eye and strategies to prevent intraoperative complications associated with macular manipulation.

Retinal Pigment Epithelium Transplantation in a Non-human Primate Model for Degenerative Retinal Diseases

This paper presents a protocol for ocular micro-dissection in rodents. The process involves the enucleation of the eyeball along with the nictitating membrane (i.e., the third eyelid). This is then followed by the separation of the posterior and anterior eye cups.

Microdissection of the Rodent Eye

A procedure to extract cell-free DNA from vitreous and aqueous humor to perform molecular studies for diagnosing vitreoretinal lymphoma is established here. The method offers the ability to concurrently extract DNA from the cellular component of the sample or to reserve it for ancillary testing.

Cell-Free DNA Extraction of Vitreous and Aqueous Humor Specimens for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Vitreoretinal Lymphoma

This protocol presents an integrated biorepository platform for the standardized collection, annotation, and biobanking of high-quality human aqueous humor and vitreous liquid biopsies for molecular downstream analyses, including proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics.

Biobanking of Human Aqueous and Vitreous Liquid Biopsies for Molecular Analyses

A protection assay was developed to monitor the retinal vasculature's resilience to death from diabetes/diabetic retinopathy-related insults such as oxidative stress and cytokines.

An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice

Thorough grossing and standardized sectioning of non-neoplastic globes are important for obtaining high-quality reproducible histopathologic sections. Guidelines for a standardized grossing of adult and fetal non-neoplastic globes are provided herein. Different options for globe sectioning are demonstrated and discussed, including criteria for case-based decision-making.

Grossing of Non-neoplastic Globes, Including Fetal Eyes

Here, we provide a detailed methodology for isolating the retina from the mouse eye for extended ex vivo experimentation. This protocol emphasizes making this technically demanding approach accessible for researchers who would like to take advantage of the research avenues afforded by keeping retinal glia in situ in live tissue.

An Ex Vivo Explant Model for Studying Glial Interactions in the Mouse Retina

This method visualizes the native structure of collagen fibers in the vitreous body using confocal reflectance microscopy.

Preparing Porcine Eyes for Confocal Reflectance Microscopy to Visualize the Vitreous Collagen Fiber Network

Learn whole vitreous humor dissection for vitreodynamic analysis using porcine eyes. This method isolates intact cores and cortexes to study physical, biomechanical and chemical properties.

Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis

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