Name: A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2015-10-27T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 49 s
Description: Learn a rapid method for preparing whole mounts of mouse intestine using a simple device. This technique enables efficient histology and immunohistochemistry analysis for studying intestinal tumor genesis in research.

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5 minutes

The evolution of the device started with somewhat different cutting prototype demonstrated at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) mouse club by Bass Hassan, following this there were several discussions with Rob Rudling and Nikki Mandir in the containment facility at ICRF Clare Hall. Jo Kitau of the mechanical workshop at ICRF constructed the initial versions and Andy Lucas designed and perfected the final model in the CRUK workshop in Oxford.

The various experimental procedures and the humane euthanasia are approved by the host institutions ethical committee and by the appropriate regulatory bodies. Euthanasia is normally achieved using CO2 asphyxiation followed by cervical dislocation.
1. Device
<ol>
	<li>Machine the main portion of the base of the device from out of a solid block of high-density acetyl resin, as described in this manuscript. At each end create 3 mm high-elevated strips, and part machine out of these 2.5 mm groves to take the rods (see Figure 2 and Figure 3).</li>
	<li>Make rods from a 2.4 mm diameter stainless steel with rounded-off ends. 
	NOTE: The main frame of the lid was machined out of Duralumin plate. A limited number of finished devices are available from Dr. Goodlad.</li>
</ol>
2. Use of the Device
<ol>
	<li>Dissect out the small intestine and colon from the abdominal cavity using scissors and gloved fingers. Remove the mesentery by holding it with curved forceps and gently pulling it away from the intestine.</li>
	<li>Rinse the intestines with cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) using a Gilson type pipette tip, which had been cut down at its wider end so that it can fit onto a 10 or 20 ml luer fitting plastic syringe.</li>
	<li>Lay out the small bowel (SB) on to a sheet of paper towel and divide into three equal sections in length (proximal, mid, and distal &#8211; SB1, SB2 and SB3) using scissors. Remove the cecum and lay out the colon.</li>
	<li>Make several very small cuts into the intestinal segments with scissors to allow the fluid to escape and place a sheet of paper towel over the intestines and gently run a finger over the preparations to squeeze out the fluid and blot dry.</li>
	<li>Lift the sections and insert the stainless steel rods that were previously wetted by soaking in a beaker of phosphate buffered saline. 
	NOTE: The intestine can be inverted if so desired (turned inside out).</li>
	<li>Label a piece of card or filter paper cut to size to fit into the base of the device. Pencil is best, as it is unaffected by virtually all solutions. Autopsy date, experimental code and animal identification number are suggested.</li>
	<li>Place the card or filter paper into the base of the device. Insert the rods and intestines into the slots in the base of the device. Make sure the proximal end of the segments is positioned in a standardized manner. The proximal ends should be near the card labels.</li>
	<li>Place the top piece of the device over the base. Use the angled bars to guide a scalpel blade to longitudinally cut the sections. 
	NOTE: It helps if the tissue is gently and carefully held with a finger to ensure that it does not move with the knife.</li>
	<li>Remove the top piece of the device. Carefully remove the filter paper and tissues (still on their rods). 
	NOTE: A piece of stiff card placed underneath the filter paper will aid lifting.</li>
	<li>Slightly wet (with a gloved fingertip dipped in PBS) the segments. Roll the rod, side to side to open up the gut and spread it flat. The tissue will then adhere to the filter paper.</li>
	<li>Visually examine the preparations for any gross lesions.</li>
	<li>Transfer the tissue adhered to the filter paper to a shallow bath (or sandwich box) containing fixative. 
	NOTE: After the tissue adheres to the filter paper or to card it will remain firmly attached. A wide range of fixatives can be used to preserve the preparation. It is recommended that Carnoy&#8217;s fluid should be used for the study of intestinal cell proliferations6, which is the ideal fixation for the best cell proliferation methods; however formalin or many other fixatives can also be used if other endpoints are required.</li>
	<li>After fixation (usually 3 hr), transfer the preparations into 70% ethanol. The samples can then be stored until required. The preparations can be studied en face and/or used for the preparation of histological samples for H&#38;E or other histological staining techniques, immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization. 
	NOTE: Prolonged fixation can reduce immunohistochemical reactivity and/or in situ hybridization reactivity. Polypropylene sandwich boxes are ideal for storing a large number of the preparations.</li>
	<li>If required the fixed tissues from the various intestinal segments can be made into &#8216;Swiss rolls&#8217; and stained with the entire range of histological methods6 including those described above. To make a &#8216;Swiss roll&#8217; the intestinal segments are removed from the filter paper, rolled around a cocktail stick or a toothpick, secured with an entomological pin and processed for wax embedding6.</li>
	<li>If required, stain the bulk tissue with methylene blue to visualize aberrant crypt foci7.</li>
	<li>Score the fixed preparations at leisure.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Goodlad, R. A. Cancer Handbook. Alison, M. R. , John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 243-262 (2007).</li>
<li>Ward, J. M., Treuting, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Rodent+intestinal+epithelial+carcinogenesis%3A+pathology+and+preclinical+models%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Toxicol+Pathol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Rodent intestinal epithelial carcinogenesis: pathology and preclinical models.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 42, 148-161 (2014).</li>
<li>Sundberg, J. P., Hogenesch, H., Nikitin, A. Y., Treuting, P. M., Ward, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Training+mouse+pathologists%3A+ten+years+of+workshops+on+the+Pathology+of+Mouse+Models+of+Human+Disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Toxicol+Pathol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Training mouse pathologists: ten years of workshops on the Pathology of Mouse Models of Human Disease.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 40, 823-825 (2012).</li>
<li>Wasan, H. S., Novelli, M., Bee, J., Bodmer, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Dietary+fat+influences+on+polyp+phenotype+in+multiple+intestinal+neoplasia+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acade+Sci+USA%22%5BJournal%5D)">Dietary fat influences on polyp phenotype in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice.</a> Proc Natl Acade Sci USA. 94, 3308-3313 (1997).</li>
<li>Rudling, R., Hassan, A. B., Kitau, J., Mandir, N., Goodlad, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+simple+device+to+rapidly+prepare+whole+mounts+of+murine+intestine%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell+Prolif%22%5BJournal%5D)">A simple device to rapidly prepare whole mounts of murine intestine.</a> Cell Prolif. 39, 415-420 (2006).</li>
<li>Alferez, D., Goodlad, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((To+best+measure+cell+proliferation+in+samples+from+the+intestine%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell+Prolif%22%5BJournal%5D)">To best measure cell proliferation in samples from the intestine.</a> Cell Prolif. 40, 231-240 (2007).</li>
<li>Park, H. S., Goodlad, R. A., Wright, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+incidence+of+aberrant+crypt+foci+and+colonic+carcinoma+in+dimethylhydrazine-treated+rats+varies+in+a+site-specific+manner+and+depends+on+tumor+histology%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cancer+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">The incidence of aberrant crypt foci and colonic carcinoma in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats varies in a site-specific manner and depends on tumor histology.</a> Cancer Res. 57, 4507-4510 (1997).</li>
<li>Park, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effects+of+epidermal+growth+factor+and+dimethylhydrazine+on+crypt+size%2C+cell+proliferation%2C+and+crypt+fission+in+the+rat+colon.+Cell+proliferation+and+crypt+fission+are+controlled+independently%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Pathol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effects of epidermal growth factor and dimethylhydrazine on crypt size, cell proliferation, and crypt fission in the rat colon. Cell proliferation and crypt fission are controlled independently.</a> Am J Pathol. 151, 843-852 (1997).</li>
<li>Femia, A. P., Dolara, P., Caderni, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mucin-depleted+foci+%28MDF%29+in+the+colon+of+rats+treated+with+azoxymethane+%28AOM%29+are+useful+biomarkers+for+colon+carcinogenesis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Carcinogenesis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mucin-depleted foci (MDF) in the colon of rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM) are useful biomarkers for colon carcinogenesis.</a> Carcinogenesis. 25, 277-281 (2004).</li>
<li>Ruehl-Fehlert, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Revised+guides+for+organ+sampling+and+trimming+in+rats+and+mice--part+1%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Exp+Toxicol+Pathol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Revised guides for organ sampling and trimming in rats and mice--part 1.</a> Exp Toxicol Pathol. 55, 91-106 (2003).</li>
<li>Goodlad, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Inhibiting+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+receptor-2+signaling+reduces+tumor+burden+in+the+ApcMin%2F%2B+mouse+model+of+early+intestinal+cancer%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Carcinogenesis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling reduces tumor burden in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of early intestinal cancer.</a> Carcinogenesis. 27, 2133-2139 (2006).</li>
<li>Mandir, N., Englyst, H., Goodlad, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Resistant+carbohydrates+stimulate+cell+proliferation+and+crypt+fission+in+wild-type+mice+and+in+the+Apc%28Min%2F%2B%29+mouse+model+of+intestinal+cancer%2C+association+with+enhanced+polyp+development%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Br+J+Nutr%22%5BJournal%5D)">Resistant carbohydrates stimulate cell proliferation and crypt fission in wild-type mice and in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model of intestinal cancer, association with enhanced polyp development.</a> Br J Nutr. 100, 711-721 (2008).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The device greatly speeds up the process so that two operators can fully autopsy a mouse within 6 min. This will include a visual check for obvious gross lesions and weighing and fixing the major organs. It will also allow the operators to rinse, blot and weigh the stomach, caecum, small intestine and colon and prepare the whole mounts. The flattened tissue can be fixed very quickly and thus avoid degradation artifacts.
One of the major advantages of the device (apart from speed) is that the d...

The mouse and the genetically modified mouse1-3 are an invaluable model for the study of various pathologies especially cancer and its relationship to inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. This often requires the preparation of whole mounts of the small intestine and/or colon.
The preparation of whole mounts can be done with a precision pair of offset scissors but it can take about 20 min&#160;per mouse4. This is not very practical for comparative studies, which require a significant amount of mice (say 10 per group subject to statistical analysis). In addition, the length of time taken increases the risk of tissue degradation. An attempt to alleviate this problem led to the trial of various cutting preparation aids. The first was based on a series of metal plates, with cutting groves, but the plates obscured the tissue and the cutting was thus difficult to control.
A conventional six-sided pencil finally provided inspiration for the cutting device, as we could then see how a half pencil shape would make a good guide for a scalpel (Figure 1). This resulted in a design for a frame with four cutting guides5. The effectiveness of this device was dramatic as the preparations in Figure 4 demonstrate the difference between the scissor preparation and the device preparation.
The tops of the original devices was constructed from several pieces of metal, but later ones, and the current model was machined out of a solid piece of Duralumin. The base was machined out of highest quality high-density resin.
The device has proved to be of great use for the preparation of whole mounts of mouse intestine as it greatly speeds up and improves the quality and consistency of the preparations, which have a wide range of applications.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Delrin</td><td>Ryan Plastics, Earls Barton, UK</td><td></td><td>High-density acetal resin similar material would suffice</td></tr><tr><td>Duralumin plate</td><td>Metal Supplies Ltd, Park Road,Dukinfield. SK16 5LP UK</td><td></td><td>Aluminium allow dating back to 1909 so alterative suppliers are available&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Finished device(s) ready for use</td><td>Contact Dr Goodlad&amp;nbsp; r.goodlad@imperial.ac.uk</td><td></td><td>Contact&amp;nbsp; r.goodlad@imperial.ac.uk for supply details</td></tr></tbody></table>

a simple device to rapidly prepare whole mounts of the mouse intestine

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe the use of a simple device to cut and &#8216;roll&#8217; mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations of superior and uniform quality to that which can be achieved by hand. The device comprises a base that holds 4 stainless steel rods and a top, which acts a cutting guide. The rods are inserted into the lumen of the small intestine [divided into thirds] and the colon. The rods and samples are then placed over a piece of filter paper or card into the holding slots in the base of the device. The top of the device is then positioned and serves as a cutting guide. The two angled sections in the center of the top piece are used to guide a knife or scalpel and cut the intestines longitudinally on the top of the rods. Once the intestinal sections have been cut, the top is removed and the card,&#160;tissue and rods gently removed from the device and placed on the bench. The rods are then gently rolled sideways to flatten and stick the intestinal segments onto the underlying piece of filter paper or card. The final preparation can then be examined or fixed and stored for later analysis. The preparations are invaluable for the study of intestinal changes in normal or genetically modified mouse models. The preparations have been used for the study and quantification of the effects of inflammation (colitis), damage, pre-cancerous lesions (aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) and mucin depleted foci (MDFs)) and polyps or tumors.

Polyps are easy to identify under a stereomicroscope with a cold light source to side illuminate the tissue (Figure 4). It is helpful to mark the card with pencil marks when a polyp is observed in order that scoring can be discussed later and different operators can reach agreement. The tissue can also be bulk stained [with methylene blue] to identify aberrant crypt foci8 or mucin depleted foci (MDFs)9 by illumination from above or by trans illumination (Figure 5).<...

The use of a simple device to cut and &#8216;roll&#8217; mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations is described.

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to prepare whole mounds of the mouse, small intestine and colon. This is accomplished by first removing, rinsing and blotting the colon and small intestine. In the second step, the colon and small intestine are laid out.The seum is removed and the small intestine is divided into thirds. A rod is then threaded through the three tissue segments and the segments are sectioned for scoring. In the final step, the rods are gently rolled to flatten the segments of small intestine and the tissues are Swiss rolled for further downstream analysis, ultimately, histology and or immunohistochemistry can be performed to characterize the intestinal tumor genesis.The main advantage of this technique of existing methods like offset is that this procedure is far quicker and it use much better preparations. This procedure uses a device consisting of the base that has high elevated strips at each end with grooves to take the rods and the lid. After harvesting the small intestine and colon from an adult mouse, hold the mesentery with curved forceps and gently pull the tissue away from the intestine To remove it, place a Gilson type pipette tip cut at the wider end onto a 10 or 20 milliliter lure fitting plastic syringe, and rinse the intestines with cold PBS.After the tissue has been washed, lay out the small bowel and colon on a paper towel and use scissors to divide the small bowel into three equal sections. Make several very small cuts in the intestinal segments to drain the fluid. Then place another paper towel over the intestines and gently run a finger over the segments to squeeze out the remaining fluid.Next, blot the preparations dry and gently. Insert stainless steel rods soaked in PBS into the tissues using a pencil. Create labels for the segments, including the autopsy date, experimental code, and animal identification number.Place the labels in the base of the device. Then insert the rods and intestines into the slots at the base of the device. Taking care that the proximal end of the segments are positioned in a standardized way near the labels.Now place the top piece of the device over the base and use the angled bars to guide a scalpel blade longitudinally through the segments to keep the tissue in place. During the sectioning, carefully hold the segments with a finger so that they do not move with a knife. After all of the sections have been made, remove the top of the device and use a piece of stiff card to carefully remove the filter paper and the tissues.Using a gloved fingertip dipped in PBS slightly wet the segments. Gently roll the rod side to side to open up the gut and to spread the tissue flat. The sections will adhere to the filter paper.After visually examining the preparations for any gross lesions, transfer the filter paper to a shallow bath of fixative. When the tissues are fixed, transfer them into 70%ethanol for storage until further downstream analysis. For example, to make a Swiss roll, remove the intestinal segments from the filter paper and roll the tissue around a cocktail stick.Then secure the tissue and process the sample for further histological processing. The use of this device generates the production of far better quality preparations, which make subsequent analysis and quantification much easier. Polyps are easy to identify under a stereo microscope with side illumination of the tissue by a cold light source.It is helpful to mark the card with pencil marks when a polyp is observed for later discussion or quality control. The tissue can also be bulk stained to identify the aberrant crypt or mucin depleted foci. The location of the lesions can be scored on a positional basis by creating several grids of known sizes on the computer and printing the grids on a piece of acetate.The grids that fit the length of the sections can then be used to score the events of interest. Once scored, whole sections can be rolled into a Swiss roll for histological sectioning, which can then be used to score micro polyps. Once master, this technique can be completed in this sample minutes if it is performed properly.

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Learn a rapid method for preparing whole mounts of mouse intestine using a simple device. This technique enables efficient histology and immunohistochemistry analysis for studying intestinal tumor genesis in research.

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

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