Name: Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2016-02-16T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 7 s
Description: Learn to isolate and characterize gingival immune cells from murine tissue for studying oral immunity and periodontitis pathogenesis. This method enables functional analysis of viable cells for downstream investigations.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

Authors were funded in part by the intramural program of NIDCR (N.M.M) and supported by a Wellcome Trust Stepping Stones Fellowship (097820/Z/11/B to J.E.K) and by a Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research grant (to J.E.K). The authors thank Teresa Wild for critically reviewing the manuscript.

All experimental procedures described in this protocol followed required guidelines and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, NIDCR/NIH.
1. Prepare in Advance
<ol>
	<li>Prepare Complete media: RPMI supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 ug/ml streptomycin and 10% FBS.</li>
	<li>Prepare DNase media: 50 ml of RPMI media supplemented with 7.5 &#181;g DNase (Make fresh, keep on ice at all times).</li>
	<li>Prepare Collagenase-DNase media: 5 ml of DNase media plus 3.2 mg/ml of Collagenase Type IV (Make fresh, keep on ice at all times).</li>
	<li>Pre-cool FACS buffer: 0.5 % FBS diluted in PBS.</li>
	<li>Pre-cool centrifuge to 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Warm shaker incubator to 37 &#176;C.</li>
</ol>
2. Isolation, Dissection, and Cell Isolation from Gingival Blocks
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize mice by exposing them to CO2 in an appropriate chamber, according to ARAC guidelines.</li>
	<li>Open the thoracic and abdominal cavity to expose the heart and internal organs. To perfuse, make an incision in the inferior vena cava and perfuse 3 ml of PBS via the left ventricle using a 3 ml syringe with a 27 G needle.</li>
	<li>Immobilize the body and head of the mouse on a pad with stomach facing up.</li>
	<li>Cut each commissure of the lip towards the neck with scissors, separating the skin that covers mandible and neck region, exposing the underlying tissues and muscles. Dissect the lower lip to uncover the mandible.</li>
	<li>Cut between the lower incisors to separate both sides of the mandible and immobilize each side to access the oral cavity.</li>
	<li>Visualize and dissect the palate away from the nasal cavity.</li>
	<li>Dissect areas using a 10 blade and include maxillary and mandibular molar areas with surrounding gingiva (Figure 1). Make vertical incisions just anterior to the first molar and posterior to the third molar and a horizontal incision at the border of the gingiva (white collar of tissue surrounding teeth).</li>
	<li>Place the maxillary and mandibular blocks in a 50 ml conical tube with 5 ml Collagenase/DNase (keep on ice).</li>
	<li>Incubate in a shaker incubator at 37 &#176;C for 1 hr and during the last 5 min of incubation add 50 &#181;l of 0.5 M EDTA.</li>
	<li>Add 5 ml of cold DNase media to the 50 ml tube with tissues and gently swirl to mix.</li>
	<li>Transfer the 4 blocks of tissue on a petri dish and cover with 500 &#181;l of DNase media. Remove gingiva from each block of tissue, using a scalpel blade and pointing the blade into the gingival and interdental areas.</li>
	<li>Transfer the tissues and the media from the petri dish as well as the previous DNase media used during dissection, to a new 50 ml tube through the cell strainer (70 &#181;m size). Wash with DNase media (3-5 ml) all of the instruments used and filter.</li>
	<li>Using the plunger of a sterile 3 ml syringe, mash the tissue against the strainer, filtering with cold DNase media (30 to 35 ml).</li>
	<li>Wash the cell strainer with cold DNase media.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 4 &#176;C, 314 x g for 6 min.</li>
	<li>Discard the supernatant, re-suspend in 1 ml of complete media.</li>
	<li>Count cells (the expected amount should range between 8 x 105 to 1.2 x 106 cells with a viability of &#62;80%) using an automated cell counter.</li>
</ol>
3. Stimulation and FACS Staining of Gingival Cells
<ol>
	<li>Stimulate the single cell suspension with PMA (50 ng/ml) and Ionomycin (2.5 &#181;g/ml) in the presence of 1 &#181;l/ml of Brefeldin A.</li>
	<li>Incubate for 3.5 hr at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2.</li>
	<li>Spin down and wash with PBS and centrifuge at 4 &#176;C; 314 x g for 6 min.</li>
	<li>Stain the cells using a viability stain following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions.</li>
	<li>Stain for extracellular markers (CD45, TCR&#947;&#948;, TCR&#946;, CD4, CD8, TCR&#947;&#948; or antibodies of choice) following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells with cold FACS buffer and centrifuge at 4 &#176;C, 314 x g for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Gently vortex to disrupt the cell pellet.</li>
	<li>Fix the cells with 2% paraformaldehyde for 20 min at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells with cold FACS buffer, centrifuge at 4 &#176;C, 314 x g for 5 min and stain for intracellular cytokines.
	<ol>
		<li>Fill the FACS tubes with a solution of cold 0.5% saponin diluted in FACS buffer and centrifuge at 4 &#176;C, 314 x g for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Add 300 &#181;l of 0.5% saponin solution to the FACS tubes, incubate for 15 min in the dark at 4 &#176;C and then centrifuge at 4 &#176;C, 314 x g for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Stain the cells for intracellular markers (IL-17A and IFN&#947; or cytokines of choice) following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Wash the cells with 0.5% saponin solution and centrifuge at 4 &#176;C, 314 x g for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Wash again with FACS buffer and centrifuge at 4 &#176;C, 314 x g for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Re-suspend the cells in 300 &#181;l of FACS buffer.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Analyze results on a flow cytometer.</li>
</ol>
4. Flow Cytometry Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Visualize cells to be analyzed on forward (FSC) and side scatter (SCC) and gate to exclude debris.</li>
	<li>Select single cells with forward scatter area (FSC-A) vs. height (FSC-H) parameters.</li>
	<li>Gate cells that are live (as indicated by viability staining) and positive for the hematopoietic marker CD45+ for further analysis (Figure 2A and 2C).</li>
	<li>Continue analysis of specific markers as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., Dewhirst, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Defining+The+Normal+Bacterial+Flora+Of+The+Oral+Cavity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Clin+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Defining The Normal Bacterial Flora Of The Oral Cavity.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 43, 5721-5732 (2005).</li>
<li>Belkaid, Y., Naik, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Compartmentalized+And+Systemic+Control+Of+Tissue+Immunity+By+Commensals%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Compartmentalized And Systemic Control Of Tissue Immunity By Commensals.</a> Nat Immunol. 14, 646-653 (2013).</li>
<li>Darveau, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Periodontitis%3A+A+Polymicrobial+Disruption+Of+Host+Homeostasis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Rev+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Periodontitis: A Polymicrobial Disruption Of Host Homeostasis.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 8, 481-490 (2010).</li>
<li>Hajishengallis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Immunomicrobial+Pathogenesis+Of+Periodontitis%3A+Keystones%2C+Pathobionts%2C+And+Host+Response%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Trends+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Immunomicrobial Pathogenesis Of Periodontitis: Keystones, Pathobionts, And Host Response.</a> Trends Immunol. 35, 3-11 (2014).</li>
<li>Eke, P. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Prevalence+Of+Periodontitis+In+Adults+In+The+United+States%3A+2009+And+2010%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Dent+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Prevalence Of Periodontitis In Adults In The United States: 2009 And 2010.</a> J Dent Res. 91, 914-920 (2012).</li>
<li>Moutsopoulos, N. M., Lionakis, M. S., Hajishengallis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Inborn+Errors+In+Immunity%3A+Unique+Natural+Models+To+Dissect+Oral+Immunity%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Dent+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Inborn Errors In Immunity: Unique Natural Models To Dissect Oral Immunity.</a> J Dent Res. , (2015).</li>
<li>Hajishengallis, G., Lamont, R. J., Graves, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+Enduring+Importance+Of+Animal+Modelsin+Understanding+Periodontal+Disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Virulence%22%5BJournal%5D)">The Enduring Importance Of Animal Modelsin Understanding Periodontal Disease.</a> Virulence. 6, 229-235 (2015).</li>
<li>Sharrow, S. O. Analysis Of Flow Cytometry Data. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aSharrow%2C+SO+%22Current+Protocols+In+Immunology%22">Current Protocols In Immunology</a>. Coligan, J. E., et al. , Chapter 5, Unit 5 2 (2001).</li>
<li>Arizon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Langerhans+Cells+Down-Regulate+Inflammation-Driven+Alveolar+Bone+Loss%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Langerhans Cells Down-Regulate Inflammation-Driven Alveolar Bone Loss.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 7043-7048 (2012).</li>
<li>Moutsopoulos, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Defective+Neutrophil+Recruitment+In+Leukocyte+Adhesion+Deficiency+Type+I+Disease+Causes+Local+IL-17-Driven+Inflammatory+Bone+Loss%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Sci+Transl+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">Defective Neutrophil Recruitment In Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type I Disease Causes Local IL-17-Driven Inflammatory Bone Loss.</a> Sci Transl Med. 6, 229-240 (2014).</li>
<li>Gaffen, S. L., Jain, R., Garg, A. V., Cua, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+IL-23-IL-17+Immune+Axis%3A+From+Mechanisms+To+Therapeutic+Testing%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Rev+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">The IL-23-IL-17 Immune Axis: From Mechanisms To Therapeutic Testing.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 14, 585-600 (2014).</li>
</ol>

Authors have nothing to disclose

The current technique successfully yields a large number of immune cells (from a single mouse) suitable, not only for phenotypic characterization, but also for functional studies ex vivo. Another group had previously published a protocol to isolate and characterize murine gingival immune cells and introduced the value of using multicolor flow cytometry in the study of periodontitis in animal models 9. Following considerable troubleshooting the key modification in this protocol was to include dissectio...

Gingival tissues surround the human and murine dentition and are constantly exposed to the complex biofilm of the tooth 1. The immune cell network policing the gingival barrier is vital to maintaining tissue integrity, ensuring homeostasis with the local commensal microbes and, at the same time, providing effective immunity against pathogenic challenge 2. To achieve homeostasis, the immune system is carefully tailored to the gingival environment creating a highly-specialized immune cell network, yet little detail is known of the gingival immune cell populations and their role in maintaining tissue immunity 2.
When immune homeostasis is disrupted at the gingiva, either through increased host susceptibility and/or presence of dysbiotic microbial communities, an inflammatory condition, periodontitis arises 34. Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease, leading to loss of tooth supporting structures. In its severe forms it is seen in approximately 10% of the general population 5. Dissecting the key factors involved in periodontitis susceptibility and progression has proven difficult 6. However, animal models have been extremely useful in understanding the mechanisms of periodontitis initiation and progression 7. Models can be employed to define the key cell populations and molecular mediators that are vital for maintaining immune homeostasis and drive development of periodontitis. Such insight will transform our understanding of gingiva-specific control of immune homeostasis and further our current understanding of disease pathogenesis.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Fine Scissors</td><td>Fine science tools</td><td>14058-11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Handle #3</td><td>Fine science tools</td><td>10003-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel Blades #10</td><td>Fine science tools</td><td>10010-00</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Splinter Forceps</td><td>Integra Miltex</td><td>6-304</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needles with regular bevel&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Medical</td><td>305109</td><td>27 G, 12.7 mm length</td></tr><tr><td>Monoject syringes</td><td>Covidien</td><td>8881513934</td><td>Luer-lock tip, 3 ml</td></tr><tr><td>PBS, pH 7.4</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10010-049</td><td>Without Calcium and Magnesium</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>Lonza</td><td>12-167F</td><td>Without L-glutamine</td></tr><tr><td>DNase I from bovine pancreas</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>DN25-1G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase type IV</td><td>Gibco (by Life technologies)</td><td>17104-019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Gemini Bio-products</td><td>100-106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin 50 mg/ml</td><td>Quality biological</td><td>120-098-661EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pen Strep</td><td>Gibco (by Life technologies)</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine</td><td>Gibco (by Life technologies)</td><td>25030-081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0</td><td>Quality biological</td><td>351-027-721EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml tubes</td><td>Corning</td><td>352070</td><td>Polypropylene, sterile</td></tr><tr><td>70 &amp;mu;M Cell Strainers</td><td>Corning</td><td>352350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dishes</td><td>Corning</td><td>351029</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>5 ml FACS tubes</td><td>Corning</td><td>352052</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>BD GolgiPlug</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>555029</td><td>Contains brefeldin A solution</td></tr><tr><td>Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P8139</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ionomycin Calcium Salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>13909</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saponin from quillaja bark</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S4521</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LIVE/DEAD Fixable Aqua Dead Cell Stain Kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>L34957</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse CD45 Alexa Fluor 700</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>56-0451-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse CD4 eFluor 450</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>48-0042-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse TCR beta APC eFluor 780</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>47-5961-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse gamma delta TCR FITC</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>11-5711-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse IL-17A APC</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>12-7311-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse IFN-&amp;gamma; PE</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>11-5931-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse NK1.1 PE-Cy7</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>25-5941-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse CD90.2 APC eFluor 780</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>47-0902-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse CD3e FITC</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>11-0031-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse CD19 FITC</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>11-0193-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse CD11b FITC</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>11-0112-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse CD11c FITC</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>11-0114-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse TCR beta FITC</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>11-5961-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse Ly-6G FITC</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>11-5931-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse Ly-6C FITC</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>553104</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation, characterization and functional examination of the gingival immune cell network

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

To illustrate application of the protocol, we show representative results examining the immune cell network in the gingiva of mice with and without periodontitis (WT vs. LFA-/-, Figure 2A-C). Representative FACS plots show live CD45+ hematopoietic cells in the gingiva (Figure 2A, 2C). Isolation and processing of immune cells with this protocol yields sufficient cells to perform ex vivo stimu...

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

The overall goal of this method is to isolate gingival immune cells for the in-depth characterization of the immune responses related to oral immunity and periodontitis. This method can help answer key questions in the field of oral immunity, such as what cellular factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The main advantages of this technique are that it allows the evaluation of the oral immune cell network and the isolation of enough viable cells for downstream in-vitro investigations.As a first step of this protocol, begin by placing pins to immobilize the body of the mouse and open the thoracic and abdominal cavities to expose the heart and internal organs. Next, make an incision in the vena cava, and use a 3-milliliter syringe, equipped with a 27-gauge needle, to profuse 3 milliliters of PBS via the left ventricle. When all of the blood has been flushed, pin the head of the mouse onto a dissecting pad, with the stomach facing up.Then use scissors to cut each commissure of the lip towards the neck, separating the skin that covers the mandible and neck region, and exposing the underlying tissues and muscles. Cut between the lower incisors to separate both sides of the mandible. Immobilize each side of the separated mandible with 25-gauge needles to access the oral cavity.After identifying the palate, use a number 10 surgical blade to make vertical incisions just anterior to the first molar, and posterior to the third molar. Then dissect the tissue away from the nasal cavity, and also dissect the blocks from the mandible. Then eliminate the excess tissue from the border of the gingiva and transfer the maxillary and mandibular blocks into a 50-milliliter conical tube containing 5 milliliters of collagenase and DNase on ice.Digest the tissue in a shaker incubator at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour, adding 50 microliters of 0.5 molar EDTA during the last five minutes. Then add 5 milliliters of cold DNase medium to the tissues, and gently mix the tube contents by swirling. Next, transfer the four blocks of tissue into a petri dish.And cover them with 500 microliters of fresh DNase medium. Use a scalpel to remove the gingiva from each block of tissue. And transfer the entire contents of the dish into a 70 micron cell strainer on top of a 50-milliliter tube.Wash the petri dish and strainer with 3 to 5 milliliters of fresh DNase medium. And then use the plunger of a sterile, 3-milliliter syringe to mash the gingival tissue against the mesh of the strainer. Rinse the strainer with 30 to 35 millilters of cold DNase medium, and centrifuge the filtrate.Then resuspend the palate in 1 milliliter of complete medium, and determine the number of viable cells. The isolation and processing of immune cells as just demonstrated, yields a sufficient number of cells to perfom an ex-vivo stimulation and characterization of the gingival cell cytokine secretion patterns from both wild-type, as well as periodontitis-susceptible animals. Indeed, the murine gingival immune cell composition can be analyzed as demonstrated in these density plots evaluating the t and natural killer cell compartments in periodontitis-susceptible LFA knockout mice.Using the appropriate gating strategies, the intracellular cytokine production of TCR beta CD4 positive, TCR beta CD8 positive, and TCR gamma delta positive t cells, as well as NK, and innate lymphoid cells, can also be determined. Once mastered, the cells can be isolated in three hours for immunostaining if the technique is performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to complete all of the steps efficiently and quickly, keeping the cells on ice whenever they are not being manipulated.Following this procedure, other methods, like cell sorting, can be performed to answer additional questions related to the function of the specific cell subsets.

isolation-characterization-functional-examination-gingival-immune

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells.  Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

This video demonstrates the isolation procedure of the gingival immune cell network from a mouse model. The enzymatic digestion releases the gingival tissue from the attached teeth and bone, which is further mechanically digested, releasing immune cells from the gingiva. The isolated cells are ready for immunological experiments.

Isolation of Gingival Immune Cell Network from Murine Teeth Blocks

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

This article presents two protocols: one to measure anaerobic bacteria that can successfully invade and survive within the host, and the other to visualize anaerobic bacteria interacting with host cells. This study can be applied to any cultivable anaerobe and any eukaryotic cell type.

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

The exposed normal ocular surface consists of cornea and conjunctiva. Epithelial cells, goblet cells and immune cells are present in the conjunctiva. Here, a non-invasive, technique of impression cytology is described using an impression cytology device and flow cytometry to analyze immune cells in the conjunctiva.

A Non-invasive Way to Isolate and Phenotype Cells from the Conjunctiva

The goal of the protocol is to build an inflammatory human gingiva model in vitro. This tissue model co-cultivates three types of human cells, HaCaT keratinocytes, gingival fibroblasts, and THP-1 macrophages, under three-dimensional conditions. This model can be applied to investigating periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis and periodontitis.

Three-dimensional Inflammatory Human Tissue Equivalents of Gingiva

In the present protocol, we explain how to easily process and culture tonsillar mononuclear cells from healthy humans undergoing partial surgical tonsillectomy to study innate immune responses upon activation, mimicking viral infection in mucosal tissues.

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Here we present a modified method for the isolation and culture of human gingival epithelial cells by adding the Rock inhibitor, Y-27632, to the traditional method. This method is easier, less time-consuming, enhances stem cell properties, and produces larger numbers of high-potential epithelial cells both for the laboratory and for clinical applications.

Isolation and Culture of Primary Human Gingival Epithelial Cells using Y-27632

The current protocol presents a fast, efficient, and gentle method for isolating single cells suitable for single-cell RNA-seq analysis from a continuously growing mouse incisor, mouse molar, and human teeth.

Rapid Isolation of Single Cells from Mouse and Human Teeth

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), implicated in type 2 inflammation, mainly participate in response to helminth infection, allergic diseases, metabolic homeostasis, and tissue repair. In this study, a procedure to isolate ILC2s from murine nasal mucosa and detect the expression of CD226 is demonstrated.

Isolation of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells from Mouse Nasal Mucosa to Detect the Expression of CD226

The goal of this protocol is to provide a standardized approach for quantitatively assessing the integrity of the murine gingival epithelial barrier by topically applying fluorescence-labeled dextrans of varying molecular sizes on the gingival surface in vivo, followed by ex vivo imaging using a single-photon microscopy system.

Functional Assessment of Mouse Gingival Epithelial Barrier Using Fluorescent Tracers

Learn to isolate and characterize gingival immune cells from murine tissue for studying oral immunity and periodontitis pathogenesis. This method enables functional analysis of viable cells for downstream investigations.

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Explore More Videos