Immunology and Infection
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Functional Characterization of Regulatory Macrophages That Inhibit Graft-reactive Immunity
Chapters
Summary June 7th, 2017
Macrophages are plastic cells of the hematopoietic system that have a crucial role in protective immunity and homeostasis. In this report, we describe optimized in vitro techniques to phenotypically and functionally characterize graft-infiltrating regulatory macrophages that accumulate in the transplanted organ under tolerogenic conditions.
Transcript
The overall goal of this in vitro procedure is to phenotypically and functionally characterize macrophage populations isolated from allografted hearts in a mass transplantation model. These methods can help answer key questions in the immunity we find about how to improve success in allograph survival and tolerance. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows the study of how a specific tissue infiltrated cardiac allograph isolated microphages subset modulate host tissues response.
After generating a single-cell suspension from the allograft, block any non-specific binding on the myeloid cells with one to two microliters of FC receptor blocking monoclonal antibody for 15 minutes. At the end of the incubation, stain the cells with the appropriate fluorescence conjugated myeloid cell surface antibodies for 45 minutes at four degrees Celsius protected from light. Then wash the cells two times in RPMI medium by centrifugation.
And re-suspend the pellet in trypan blue for counting. Next, dilute the cells to a one time 10 to the sixth cells per milliliter concentration in fresh medium. And filter the cells through a 70 micron strainer into five-milliliter round-bottom tube.
Just before sorting, stain the cells with DAPI as a viability marker and set the flow cytometer to the appropriate macrophage sorting parameters. Place five-milliliter conical tubes containing one milliliter of RPMI medium for collecting the sorted cells and load the sample tube onto the cytometer. In the flow cytometer software, select a blank experiment with a blank panel, and set up a forward versus side scatter dot plot.
Gate on the leukocytes, excluding the cell debris and clumps with the lowest forward and side scatter. From this parent gate, create a new dot plot that displays side scatter versus DAPI and gate on the DAPI negative cells. On this newly gated population, create a dot plot that displays CD11b versus CD45, and gate on the CD11b CD45 double positive macrophages and neutrophils.
Then create a final dot plot display Ly6C versus Ly6G to allow gating of the desirable population and sort the cells. At the end of the sort, confirm the purity and viability of the samples. Collect the sorted cells by centrifugation, and re-suspend the pellet for counting in fresh RPMI medium.
Dilute the macrophage populations to the appropriate concentration for seeding five times 10 to the fourth macrophages per 100 microliters of complete medium per well, in a 96 well round-bottom plate. Then place the cells in a cell culture incubator for at least 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%CO2. To isolate the T, put the knock-in mouse in the supine position.
First make a mid-line skin incision, carefully cutting the peritoneum and gently spreading apart the skin. Collect the peripheral lymph nodes and the spleen, and place the tissues in a 100-micrometer filter on top of a 50-milliliter conical tube. Using the plunger of a 1-milliliter syringe, gently press the lymphoid tissues through the filter, and rinse the filter with fresh RPMI medium until the mesh is clean.
Collect the single-cell suspension by centrifugation, and re-supsend the pellet in two milliliters of ACK lysis buffer. After five minutes at four degrees Celsius, neutralize the lysis buffer with two milliliters of fresh RPMI medium, and centrifuge the cells. Re-suspend the pellet in 200 microliters of fresh medium, and transfer the cells to a five-milliliter round-bottom tube for straining with the appropriate T-cell surface-staining antibodies.
After 45 mintues at four degrees Celsius protected from light, wash the cells two times in fresh RPMI medium and count the cells by trypan blue exclusion. Next, dilute the CD8-stained cells to a one times 10 to the sixth cells per milliliter concentration in CFSE for five minutes in a 20-degree Celsius water bath. At the end of the incubation, neutralize the CFSE with two milliliters of RPMI medium, and collect the cells by centrifugation.
Re-suspend the cells at one times 10 to the sixth CD8-stained T-cells per milliliter of RPMI medium concentration, and filter all of the cell samples through a 70-micrometer cell strainer into five-milliliter round-bottom tubes. Then label the cells with DAPI and prepare the flow cytometer for sorting as just demonstrated. For CD4 positive T-cell isolation, set up a forward versus side scatter dot plot for gating on the lymphocytes, excluding the debris as well as the large granular myeloid cells.
From this parent gate, create a dot plot that displays side scatter versus DAPI, and gate on the DAPI negative cells. On this newly-gated population, create one dot plot that displays side scatter versus CD4, and one dot plot that displays CD8 versus CFSE. Then sort the gated T-cell populations.
At the end of the sort, confirm the purity and viability of the samples, and collect the cells by centrifugation for counting. Dilute the cells to a two times 10 to the sixth T-cells per milliliter of RPMI concentration, and 100 microliters of T-cells in complete RPMI medium to each well of macrophages for a 96-hour co-culture at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%CO2. Finally, add five microliters PBS wash T-cell activator CD3 CD28 magnetic beads to each well to activate and expand the T-cells.
Ly6Clo Ly6G-macraphages obtained from tolerized recipients exert a suppressive effect on CD8 positive T-cells, with a modest suppressive activity also observed from Ly6C intermediate Ly6CG positive cells. Only Ly6Clo Ly6G-cells promote the in vitro expansion of CD4 positive Foxp3 positive TReg, however. Together, these data support the conclusion that graft infiltrating CD11B positive Ly6Clo Ly6G negative macrophages possess many of the properties reported to be associated with monocyte-derived suppressor cells, including their ability to inhibit CD8 T-cell proliferation and to promote CD4 positive Foxp3 positive TReg expansion.
While attempting this procedure, it's important to maintain the purity in order to establish conclusive data about the suppressive capacity of each macrophage subset. Following this procedure, other methods like using commercial enrichment gates can be used for isolating different leukocyte populations of interest. Macrophage sorting is the longest part of this procedure, but when it has been mastered, this part of the technique can be complete in eight hours if performed properly.
After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of immunology to explore the suppressive capacity of infiltrating macrophages in solid organ transplanting sim model. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to characterize different macrophages population in selected from mouse heart allograph.
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