Developmental Biology
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Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
Chapters
Summary December 16th, 2016
The protocol described here details the induction of a hemogenic program in mouse embryonic fibroblasts via overexpression of a minimal set of transcription factors. This technology may be translated to the human system to provide platforms for future study of hematopoiesis, hematologic disease, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
Transcript
The overall goal of this hemogenic induction protocol is to instigate a developmental process in mouse fibroblasts through transcription factor overexpression to generate hematopoietic precursor cells in vitro that product hematopoietic cells upon prolonged culture. This method can help answer key questions in the hematopoietic programming field such as whether or not a protocol can be developed to obtain bonafide HSCs de novo that are capable of multi-lineage and graftment. The main advantage of this technique is that through overexpression of a minimal set of transcription factors, the developmental process can be initiated in reprogrammed cells that does not require travel through a pluripotent intermediate.
After culturing mouse embryonic fibroblasts or MEFS, and producing virus according to the text protocol, use 0.1 percent gelatin in PBS to pre-coat 6-well plates. Ensuring that the gelatin covers the entire area of the well. Place the plates in the 37 degrees celsius incubator for at least 20 minutes.
Then, remove the plates and aspirate the gelatin. Plate MEFs with standard DMEM at a density of 25, 000 cells per well and allow the cells to settle at 37 degrees celsius overnight. Prepare a 100 microliter virus cocktail by mixing 50 microliters of M2RTTA and 12.5 microliters each of GATA2, GFI1B, CFOS and ETV6.
Aspirate the medium from the MEFS and add two milliliters of standard DMEM with 8 micrograms per milliliters of hexadimethrine bromide. Then, transduce each well of MEFs with 15 microliters of the virus cocktail and incubate at 37 degrees celsius overnight. Following 16 to 20 hours of incubation, replace the medium in each well with two milliliters of fresh standard DMEM, supplemented with one microgram per milliliter of DOX.
Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for three days. On day four, prepare hematopoietic culture medium supplemented with hydrocortisone, stem cell factor, MFS-related tyrosine kinase three ligand, interleukin three, interleukin six and DOX. Next, aspirate the medium from the MEFs and use one milliliter of PBS to wash the cells.
Then, after aspirating the PBS, add one milliliter of 0.05 percent trypsin per well to dissociate and collect the cells. Using the hemocytometer, count the cells, then spin at 300 times g for five minutes and use 12 milliliters of the hematopoietic medium just prepared to resuspend the cells. Then, plate 10, 000 cells per well on gelatin-coated six-well plates.
Every six days, replace the medium with fresh supplemented hematopoietic culture medium for the duration of the culture. Analyze the cells according to the text protocol. After dissecting placentas from pregnant mice according to the text protocol, use two to five milliliters of 0.2 percent collagenase type one in PBS with 20 percent FBS to wash the tissue and using an 18 gauge needle fitted on a five milliliter syringe, mechanically dissociate the tissue in the PBS solution.
Incubate the placental cells in two to five milliliters of collagenase solution at 37 degrees Celsius for 1.5 hours. Then, passage the cells several times through 20 to 25 gauge needles fitted on 5 milliliter syringes to further mechanically dissociate them. Next, filter single cell suspensions through 70 micron cell strainers.
Then, using a hemocytometer, count the cells and irradiate at 2, 000 centigray volts for mitotic inactivation. Add ten milliliters of hematopoietic culture medium supplemented with the following to a ten centimeter dish. Place the 0.65 micron filter directly on the culture medium in the dish, allowing it to float to create a liquid-gas interface and set the dish aside.
Dissociate day 25 transduced MEFs as demonstrated earlier in this video and mix 33, 000 of the transduced MEFs with 167, 000 cells of the mitotically inactivated placental aggregates. To generate an aggregate, spin down the MEF and placental cell mix at 300 times g for five minutes. Aspirate the medium and use 30 to 50 microliters of standard DMEM to resuspend the pelleted cells, drawing the single cell suspension into a 200 microliter non-beveled pipette tip.
Next, with paraffin film, occlude the pipette tip. Then, place the blocked tip into a 15 milliliter centrifuge tube and spin it down at 300 times g for five minutes so that a pellet forms at the covered end of the tip. Carefully remove the tip from the 15 milliliter tube and place it onto the end of a P200 pipette.
Discard the paraffin film and extrude the cell pellet onto the filter floating in the dish of culture medium. Culture the aggregates on the floating filters at 37 degrees Celsius and five percent carbon dioxide for four to five days. Using a cell scraper, collect the aggregates then combine them and use 0.5 percent collagenase to digest them.
After dissociation, use two to five milliliters of PBS with five percent FBS to wash the aggregates and spin down at 300 times g for five minutes. Resuspend the aggregates in 500 microliters of DMEM without FBS, Pen-Strep or L-glutamine. Add the entire suspension to three milliliters of one percent of methylcellulose medium supplemented with ten nanograms per milliliter of Tepo, carefully avoiding the formation of bubbles.
Plate equal volumes of this mixture in three, 35 by ten millimeter non-treated culture dishes for CFU assays. As a control, culture irradiated placental aggregates. Finally, count hematopoietic colonies manually under a microscope after ten to 14 days of culture at 37 degrees Celsius with 5 percent carbon dioxide.
In the process of reprogramming MEFs to HSCs, cells are transduced with transcription factors as shown here. After three days of expansion and exposure to DOX to begin transgene activation, cells are dissociated, split and grown on gelatin-coated plates and supplemented hematopoietic medium. At day 20 in culture, post-transduction with reprogramming medium, 34/H2BGFP MEFs adopt clear morphological changes including endothelial morphology distinct from MEFs.
Further culture to day 35 results in several round hematopoietic-like cells emerging from the endothelial-like intermediates that are GFP positive and stain positive for the hematopoietic markers Sca1 and CD45. Further culture results in cells expressing CD45 while maintaining expression of the human CD34 reporter. Upon placental aggregation, culture cells adopt clonogenic potential and generate colonies in methylcellulose containing various hematopoietic morphologies and blast-like cells.
While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to perform each section slowly so as to not get mixed up. Any mistakes will be hard to notice until weeks after you start the reprogramming. Following this procedure, other methods such as cobblestone-forming cell assays and long-term culture initiating cell assays can be performed in order to answer additional questions such as if the derived cells truly possess hematopoietic function as demonstrated in the functional assays.
After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of hematopoietic stem cell programming to explore other reprogramming strategies and optimization protocols in blood, endothelial and other cell types. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to induce a hemogenic program in mouse fibroblasts, the overexpression of transcription factors and how to functionally assay the derived cell. Thank you for watching and good luck with your experiments.
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