Name: Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2017-03-19T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 30 s
Description: Learn monovalent cation doping of lead halide perovskites to enhance charge mobility and solar cell efficiency. This method improves semiconductor quality for high-performance photovoltaics.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

M. Abdi-Jalebi thanks Nava Technology Limited for a PhD scholarship. M.I. Dar and M.Gr&#228;tzel thank the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) and the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) for financial support. The authors would like to thank Dr. Pierre Mettraux in the Molecular and Hybrid Materials Characterization Center, EPFL for carrying out the XPS measurements. A.Sadhanala gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Indo-UK APEX project. S.P. Senanayak acknowledges the Royal Society London for the Newton Fellowship. R.H. Friend, M. Abdi-Jalebi, and A. Sadhanala would like to acknowledge the support from the EPSRC.

1. Synthesis and Deposition of Pristine and Additive-based CH3NH3PbI3
NOTE: All the solutions were prepared inside an argon glove box under moisture- and oxygen-controlled conditions (H2O level: &#60;1 ppm and O2 level: &#60;10 ppm).
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve 553 mg (1.2 M) of PbI2 in 1 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) under constant stirring at 80 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Add 0.02 M of monovalent cation halides to the PbI2 solution.</li>
	<li>Spin-coat the resulting yellow transparent solution onto the substrate (e.g., mesoporous-TiO2) for 30 s at 6,500 rpm with a ramp of 4,000 rpm.</li>
	<li>Bake the films on a hotplate at 80 &#176;C for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Dissolve 40 mg of methylammonium iodide (MAI) in 5 mL of isopropanol.</li>
	<li>Spin-coat a sufficient amount of MAI solution onto the resulting lead iodide films using a two-step protocol that includes 45 s of loading time followed by 20 s of spinning at 4,000 rpm.</li>
	<li>Anneal the spin-coated perovskite films on a hotplate at 100 &#176;C for 45 min.</li>
</ol>
2. Solar Cell Fabrication
<ol>
	<li>Substrate preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Pattern fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass.
		<ol>
			<li>Cover the active area of the FTO glass with semitransparent adhesive tape.</li>
			<li>Pour the zinc (Zn) powder on the uncovered areas of the FTO substrates.</li>
			<li>Prepare 2 M of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in distilled water.</li>
			<li>Pour the HCl solution onto the part of the FTO glass that is covered with Zn powder.</li>
			<li>Wash the FTO with water and remove the tape.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Cleaning the substrates
		<ol>
			<li>Wash the FTO glass using 2% (w/v) detergent.</li>
			<li>Sonicate the etched FTO substrates in acetone and isopropanol (IPA) for 10 min.</li>
			<li>Treat the FTO substrates with an ultraviolet/O3 cleaner for 15 min.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Deposition of a hole blocking layer
	<ol>
		<li>Add 0.6 mL of titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TAA) in 7 mL of IPA.</li>
		<li>Put the cleaned and patterned FTO substrates on a hotplate at 450 &#176;C and cover the contact area before heating.</li>
		<li>Spray pyrolysis the TAA solution onto the uncovered area using O2 as the carrier gas.</li>
		<li>Leave the samples at 450 &#176;C for 30 min.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Deposition of an electron transport layer
	<ol>
		<li>Dilute the commercial TiO2 paste (30-nm particle size) with ethanol (2:7, weight ratio).</li>
		<li>Homogenize the TiO2 dilution by sonicating for 30 min.</li>
		<li>Spin-coat the titania dilution onto the prepared samples with compact TiO2 layers for 30 s at 5,000 rpm with a ramp of 2,000 rpm.</li>
		<li>Anneal the titania films at 500 &#176;C for 30 min.</li>
		<li>Treat the resulting mesoporous TiO2 films in a 40 mM solution of TiCl4 in distilled water&#160;at 70 &#176;C for 20 min.</li>
		<li>Anneal the TiCl4-treated films at 450 &#176;C for 30 min.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Deposition of the perovskite layer 
	NOTE: The FTO substrates with titania layers were transferred to a dry-air box with a humidity of &#60;1% for the rest of the fabrication process.
	<ol>
		<li>Spin-coat the prepared lead iodide solutions (with and without dopants) onto the mesoporous TiO2 for 30 s at 6,500 rpm with a ramp of 4,000 rpm.</li>
		<li>Bake the films on a hotplate at 80 &#176;C for 30 min.</li>
		<li>Spin-coat a sufficient amount of MAI solution into the resulting lead iodide films using a two-step protocol that includes 45 s of loading time followed by spinning for 20 s at 4,000 rpm with a ramp of 2,000 rpm.</li>
		<li>Anneal the spin-coated perovskite films on a hotplate at 100 &#176;C for 45 min.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Deposition of the hole transport layer
	<ol>
		<li>Add 72.3 mg of spiro-OMeTAD to 1 mL of chlorobenzene and shake until the solution becomes transparent.</li>
		<li>Make a stock solution of bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide (LiTFSI) by adding 520 mg of LiTFSI in acetonitrile.</li>
		<li>Add 17.5 &#181;L of the LiTFSI stock solution and 28.8 &#181;L of 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) to the spiro-OMeTAD solution.</li>
		<li>Spin-coat the above solution for 30 s at 4,000 rpm with a ramp of 2,000 rpm.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Thermal evaporation of the top contact
	<ol>
		<li>Mask the samples and put them in the vacuum chamber of the evaporator.</li>
		<li>Evaporate 80 nm of gold at a rate of 0.01 nm/s.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, E. C., Ehrler, B., Sinke, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Photovoltaic+materials+-+present+efficiencies+and+future+challenges%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Photovoltaic materials - present efficiencies and future challenges.</a> Science. 352, 307(2016).</li>
<li>Green, M. A., Ho-Baillie, A., Snaith, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v8/n7/full/nphoton.2014.134.html">The emergence of perovskite solar cells.</a> Nat. Photonics. 8 (7), 506-514 (2014).</li>
<li>Stranks, S. D., Snaith, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Metal-halide+perovskites+for+photovoltaic+and+light-emitting+devices%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat.+Nanotechnol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Metal-halide perovskites for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices.</a> Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 (5), 391-402 (2015).</li>
<li>Snaith, H. H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jz4020162">Perovskites: The Emergence of a New Era for Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cells.</a> The J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 (21), 3623-3630 (2013).</li>
<li>Kojima, A., Teshima, K., Shirai, Y., Miyasaka, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Organometal+halide+perovskites+as+visible-light+sensitizers+for+photovoltaic+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc%22%5BJournal%5D)">Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (17), 6050-6051 (2009).</li>
<li>Kim, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Lead+iodide+perovskite+sensitized+all-solid-state+submicron+thin+film+mesoscopic+solar+cell+with+efficiency+exceeding+9%25%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Sci.+rep%22%5BJournal%5D)">Lead iodide perovskite sensitized all-solid-state submicron thin film mesoscopic solar cell with efficiency exceeding 9%.</a> Sci. rep. 2, 591(2012).</li>
<li>Jeon, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Compositional+engineering+of+perovskite+materials+for+high-performance+solar+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells.</a> Nature. 517 (7535), 476-480 (2014).</li>
<li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+vacuum+flash-assisted+solution+process+for+high-efficiency+large-area+perovskite+solar+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">A vacuum flash-assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells.</a> Science. 353 (6294), 58-62 (2016).</li>
<li>Manser, J. S., Kamat, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v8/n9/full/nphoton.2014.171.html">Band filling with free charge carriers in organometal halide perovskites.</a> Nat. Photonics. 8 (9), 737-743 (2014).</li>
<li>Xing, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Long-Range+Balanced+Electron-+and+Hole-Transport+Lengths+in+Organic-Inorganic+CH3NH3PbI3%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Long-Range Balanced Electron- and Hole-Transport Lengths in Organic-Inorganic CH3NH3PbI3.</a> Science. 342 (6156), 344-347 (2013).</li>
<li>Stranks, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Electron-Hole+Diffusion+Lengths+Exceeding+1+Micrometer+in+an+Organometal+Trihalide+Perovskite+Absorber%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber.</a> Science. 342 (6156), 341-344 (2013).</li>
<li>Pazos-Outon, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Photon+recycling+in+lead+iodide+perovskite+solar+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Photon recycling in lead iodide perovskite solar cells.</a> Science. 351 (6280), 1430-1433 (2016).</li>
<li>Saliba, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cesium-containing+Triple+Cation+Perovskite+Solar+Cells%3A+Improved+Stability%2C+Reproducibility+and+High+Efficiency%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Energy+Environ.+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cesium-containing Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells: Improved Stability, Reproducibility and High Efficiency.</a> Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (6), (2016).</li>
<li>Pellet, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mixed-organic-cation+perovskite+photovoltaics+for+enhanced+solar-light+harvesting%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Angew.+Chemie+-+Int.+Ed%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mixed-organic-cation perovskite photovoltaics for enhanced solar-light harvesting.</a> Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed. 53 (12), 3151-3157 (2014).</li>
<li>Hao, F., Stoumpos, C. C., Chang, R. P. H., Kanatzidis, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Anomalous+band+gap+behavior+in+mixed+Sn+and+Pb+perovskites+enables+broadening+of+absorption+spectrum+in+solar+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Am.+Chem.+Soc%22%5BJournal%5D)">Anomalous band gap behavior in mixed Sn and Pb perovskites enables broadening of absorption spectrum in solar cells.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (22), 8094-8099 (2014).</li>
<li>Dar, M. I., Abdi-Jalebi, M., Arora, N., Grätzel, M., Nazeeruddin, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.201501358/abstract">Growth Engineering of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Structures for High-Efficiency Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 6 (2), 1501358(2016).</li>
<li>Ibrahim Dar, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Understanding+the+Impact+of+Bromide+on+the+Photovoltaic+Performance+of+CH3+NH3+PbI3+Solar+Cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Adv.+Mater%22%5BJournal%5D)">Understanding the Impact of Bromide on the Photovoltaic Performance of CH3 NH3 PbI3 Solar Cells.</a> Adv. Mater. 27 (44), 7221-7228 (2015).</li>
<li>Abdi-Jalebi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.201502472/full">Impact of Monovalent Cation Halide Additives on the Structural and Optoelectronic Properties of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Perovskite.</a> Adv. Energy Mater. 6 (10), 1502472(2016).</li>
<li>Yin, W. J., Shi, T., Yan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4864778">Unusual defect physics in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell absorber.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 (6), 063903/1-063903/4 (2014).</li>
<li>Agiorgousis, M. L., Sun, Y. Y., Zeng, H., Zhang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja5079305">Strong Covalency-Induced Recombination Centers in Perovskite Solar Cell Material CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (41), 14570-14575 (2014).</li>
<li>Andaji Garmaroudi, Z., Abdi-Jalebi, M., Mohammadi, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2016/RA/C6RA13273A">A facile low temperature route to deposit TiO2 scattering layer for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.</a> RSC Adv. 6 (75), (2016).</li>
<li>Abdi-Jalebi, M., Mohammadi, M. R., Fray, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10876-014-0687-3">Double-Layer TiO2 Electrodes with Controlled Phase Composition and Morphology for Efficient Light Management in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> J. of Clust. Sci. 25 (4), 1029-1045 (2014).</li>
<li>Abdi-Jalebi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Impact+of+a+Mesoporous+Titania-Perovskite+Interface+on+the+Performance+of+Hybrid+Organic-Inorganic+Perovskite+Solar+Cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+J.+Phys.+Chem.+Lett%22%5BJournal%5D)">Impact of a Mesoporous Titania-Perovskite Interface on the Performance of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells.</a> The J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 (16), 3264-3269 (2016).</li>
</ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

A typical architecture of mesoscopic perovskite solar cells was used in this work, where a series of materials were spin-coated between a conductive substrate and a thermally-evaporated metal contact (Figure 1). The mesoporous TiO2 layers were treated with TiCl4, which is reported to passivate the surface traps and to improve the interface between the electron transport layer and the absorber material21,22. The perovskite layer was then deposited using a sequential two-step deposition technique. The full conversion of lead halide into perovskite in the second step is essential to achieve the highest light absorption16,17, and we showed that the monovalent cation halide additives (e.g., NaI and CuBr) result in a complete conversion. Furthermore, the complete coverage of the mesoporous titania layer with the perovskite over-layer is vital to eliminate potential recombination between the hole transport layer (e.g., Spiro OMETAD) and the electron transport layer (e.g., mesoporous TiO2)23. We illustrated that adding the monovalent cation halides (e.g., CuI and AgI) can improve the surface coverage of the perovskite capping layer, which leads to a higher open circuit voltage for the device.
The main advantage of our method is the doping step, where we incorporated monovalent cations into the CH3NH3PbI3 structure to improve the density of charges, the charge transport, and the conductivity of the absorber layer. As stated in the previous section, the aforementioned dopants significantly enhanced both the electron and the hole mobilities. In addition, a remarkable decrease in the charge transport activation energy, as well as in the energetic disorder of the perovskite film, was achieved by monovalent cation doping.
In this work, we have demonstrated a method to dope CH3NH3PbI3 as an absorber layer in the mesoscopic perovskite solar cell structure. Monovalent cation halides were used to tune the morphological, optical, and electrical properties of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film in order to enhance the photovoltaic performance. Therefore, we incorporated three different monovalent cations (i.e., Na+, Cu+, and Ag+), which have similar ionic radii to Pb2+, in the lead source in the sequential two-step deposition of CH3NH3PbI3. As a result, a remarkable improvement in the structural and optoelectronic properties of CH3NH3PbI3 occurred in the presence of these additives, leading to higher PCEs for the fabricated solar cells. Therefore, our work highlights a facile way of doping the CH3NH3PbI3 as an absorber layer, which can be used in all other configurations of perovskite solar cells (e.g., planar architecture) in order to further improve the electronic quality of perovskite thin films.
The data underlying this paper are available at: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/260187.

Currently, the dominant portion of the world&#39;s energy requirement (i.e., 85%) is being supplied by the combustion of oil, coal, and natural gas, which facilitates global warming and has deleterious effects on our environment1. Therefore, the development of CO2-neutral sources of energy is of paramount interest. Photovoltaics (PV) is an ideal energy conversion process that can meet this requirement. However, cost and efficiency, as the main obstacles to the extensive adoption of PV technology, must be improved. Emerging PV technologies based on new materials, such as perovskite solar cells (PSC), have the combination of lower cost and greater efficiency. This is achieved through the utilization of cheap materials that are readily available, as well as through fast, facile, and low-energy processing routes compared to silicon-based counterparts2,3,4. A remarkable improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE), from 3.8% to more than 22%, has been reported for hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite since its first appearance in PV architecture5,6,7,8. Such a superb performance originates from the strong light absorption with an extremely sharp band-edge, the very low energetic disorder, the weakly-bound excitons that easily dissociate into free carriers with large diffusion lengths, and the photon recycling capability of hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite9,10,11,12. These materials are categorized in the perovskite family, which are crystallized from organic halide and metal halide salts to form crystals in the ABX3 structure, where X is an anion and A and B are cations of different sizes (A being larger than B). Reported cations for the A site include methylammonium (MA), formamidinium (FA), and cesium (Cs); a combination of these cations shows the highest performance13,14. Furthermore, the main candidate for the divalent cation in the B site is lead, which can be replaced by tin; the bandgap can be successfully red-shifted to over 1,000 nm in a lead-tin mixed perovskite15. Similarly, the X-site occupants have been studied extensively, where a mixture of iodide (I) and bromide (Br) were introduced as the main candidates16,17. Therefore, it is highly plausible to manipulate the structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of perovskites by altering their chemical composition.
Despite the fact that the enhanced crystalline quality and the macroscopic uniformity of the perovskite film are key parameters to achieve efficient devices18, the impact of the boundaries between the polycrystalline domains, the origin and role of electronic defects in the perovskite absorbers, and the role of the charge collection layers upon loss processes in the perovskite solar cells are not yet well understood. Regarding the nature of electronic defects in the perovskite structure, it has been reported that many of the defects, such as I or Pb vacancies, result in states that are very close to or within the continuum of states in the conduction and valence bands, which might have a negative electronic impact on the photovoltaic devices19. In addition, a strong covalent bonding interaction between lead cations and iodide anions in the perovskite plane may lead to the existence of intrinsic defects (e.g., under-coordinated Pb dimers and I trimers), which could create sites within the band-edge that act as charge recombination centers during the operation of the device20.
Here, we investigate the impact of doping CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite with monovalent cation halides, including Na+, Cu+, and Ag+, lower-valence metal ions than Pb2+. We therefore incorporate these cations through the addition of a rational amount of their halide-based salts (e.g., NaI, CuBr, CuI, and AgI) into the perovskite precursor solution. These cations have ionic radii similar to Pb2+, so substitutional doping within the crystal is probable. We have shown that the presence of these cations strongly affects both the morphology and coverage of the perovskite layer. In addition, the presence of these cations (e.g., Na+ and Ag+) has been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a significant change in the Fermi level of perovskite was measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). By incorporating these cations into sequentially deposited perovskite solar cells, we achieved an improvement in the photovoltaic efficiency of PSC (15.6% compare to 14%). Therefore, it is very essential to enhance the structural and optoelectronic properties of the absorber layer (e.g., perovskite) in solar cell architecture to maximize the charge transport and to passivate the surface traps in order to reach the highest PV performance.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Fluorine doped Tin Oxide (FTO)-coated glass</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>735264-1EA</td><td>Resistivity&amp;asymp;13 &amp;Omega;/sq</td></tr><tr><td>Zinc powder</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>96454</td><td>Molecular Weight 65.39&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>84415</td><td>&amp;ge;37 wt. %</td></tr><tr><td>Hellmanex detergent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Z805939-1EA</td><td>pkg of 1 L&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>325252</td><td>75&amp;nbsp;wt. % in isopropanol</td></tr><tr><td>Titania Paste</td><td>DYESOL</td><td>MS002300</td><td>30 NR-D Transparent Titania Paste</td></tr><tr><td>Lead(II) iodide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>211168</td><td>99 wt. %</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;N,N&lt;/em&gt;-Dimethylformamide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>437573</td><td>ACS reagent, &amp;ge;99.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Methylammonium iodide</td><td>DYESOL</td><td>MS101000</td><td>Powder&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>SpiroMeOTAD</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>792071</td><td>99% (HPLC)</td></tr><tr><td>Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>544094</td><td>99.95% trace metals basis&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>4-&lt;em&gt;tert&lt;/em&gt;-Butylpyridine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>142379</td><td>Purity: 96%</td></tr><tr><td>Chlorobenzene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>284513</td><td>anhydrous, 99.8%</td></tr><tr><td>2-Propanol (IPA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich&amp;nbsp;</td><td>278475</td><td>anhydrous, 99.5%&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>2860</td><td>absolute alcohol, without additive, &amp;ge;99.8%</td></tr></tbody></table>

monovalent cation doping of ch3nh3pbi3 for efficient perovskite solar cells

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical properties. The possibility of doping was investigated by adding monovalent cation halides with similar ionic radii to Pb2+, including Cu+, Na+, and Ag+. A shift in the Fermi level and a remarkable decrease of sub-bandgap optical absorption, along with a lower energetic disorder in the perovskite, was achieved. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in the bulk hole mobility and a significant reduction of transport activation energy within an additive-based perovskite device was attained. The confluence of the aforementioned improved properties in the presence of these cations led to an enhancement in the photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell. An increase of 70 mV in open circuit voltage for AgI and a 2 mA/cm2 improvement in photocurrent density for NaI- and CuBr-based solar cells were achieved compared to the pristine device. Our work paves the way for further improvements in the optoelectronic quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and subsequent devices. It highlights a new avenue for investigations on the role of dopant impurities in crystallization and controls the electronic defect density in perovskite structures.

Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to record both cross-sectional images of the fabricated perovskite solar cells (Figure 1) and top view images of the deposited PbI2 and CH3NH3PbI3 films (Figure 2). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterize the structural properties of the perovskite films (Figures 3 and 4). Photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) were used to probe the optical and electrical properties of the perovskite films, respectively (Figures 5 and 6). Furthermore, temperature-dependent bulk transport measurements based on space charge limited current (SCLC) was performed on the perovskite devices (Figure 7). Finally, a standard photovoltaic measurement of the fabricated devices was performed (Figure 8 and Table 1).
Based on the top-view SEM images of the PbI2 and CH3NH3PbI3 deposited on the mesoporous TiO2 layer (mp-TiO2) shown in Figure 2, the effect of the additives on the morphology of perovskite was illustrated where large branch-shaped crystals of PbI2 were achieved in the NaI-based sample. This led to the formation of larger asymmetric crystals of perovskite. Furthermore, we obtained a uniform and pinhole-free perovskite capping layer for CuI- and AgI-based samples (Figure 2c and 2e). To investigate the effect of monovalent cation halide additives on the crystal structure of CH3NH3PbI3 and on the conversion of PbI2 into CH3NH3PbI3, X-ray diffraction was performed (Figure 3). Although the crystal structure of the final perovskite remained the same for all samples, it is evident that the diffraction peak at 2θ = 12.6, which corresponds to the unconverted PbI2, was eliminated in the presence of NaI and CuBr additives. In order to confirm the presence of these monovalent cations within the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films, we carried out an XPS analysis, as shown in Figure 4. On the basis of the XPS data, we demonstrated the presence of Na and Ag ions within the perovskite films, whereas the concentration of Cu could not be estimated, probably due to the nearness of iodide (I 3p1/2) and copper (Cu 2p1/2) peaks.
The effect of the monovalent cation additives on the absorption spectrum of the perovskite is shown in Figure 5a, which was measured by PDS. It is evident that the additive-based CH3NH3PbI3 had lower sub-bandgap absorption compared to the pristine sample. Furthermore, an absorption tail was observed for Cu-based samples, which originated from the intrinsic absorption of copper halide (Figure 5b). Although the absorption tail confirms the presence of Cu cations in the final perovskite films, it is evident, based on the comparison between the PDS of CuI-based PbI2 and CH3NH3PbI3, that their incorporation is not complete. In addition, the Urbach energy (Eu), which is a measure of the degree of energetic disorder of a material, was estimated for pristine, NaI-, CuBr-, CuI-, and AgI-based perovskite, and the values are 15.6, 11.8, 12.8, 13.5, and 15.2 meV, respectively (inset of Figure 5a).
To explore the influence of the aforementioned additives on the electronic structure of CH3NH3PbI3, we performed KPFM, where the contact potential difference (CPD) of the line profiles was measured. This corresponds to the surface work function (Φ) of the perovskite shown in Figure 6. A clear shift in the CPD (i.e., 0.1 V) of additive-based perovskite compared to the pristine one shows that the perovskite Fermi level is shifted towards the valence band. This change in the Fermi level of perovskite can be attributed to either substitutional p-doping (e.g., the replacement of Pb2+ with monovalent cations X+) or surface passivation at the crystalline surfaces of perovskite.
To investigate the effect of doping on the density of the charges and on their transport properties in CH3NH3PbI3, we performed temperature-dependent bulk transport measurements (Figure 7a). We then estimated the bulk carrier mobility (μSCL) based on the space charge limited current (SCLC) of the complete electron and hole-only pristine and additive-based perovskite devices. A remarkable increase in the conductivity and in both the electron and hole mobilities were achieved, particularly for the NaI and CuBr samples compared to pristine perovskite (Table 1). It is notable that the improvement in the charge mobility and conductivity are consistent with the enhancement in the short circuit current (Jsc) and fill factor (FF) of the fabricated solar cells shown in Figure 7b. Furthermore, we estimated the activation energy for charge transport (EA) for both the electron and the hole using temperature-dependent bulk transport measurements, where a clear decrease was achieved for additive-based perovskite. This improvement is attributed to the higher density of carriers because of doping and filling the transport traps, which results in a significant decline in the transport barrier.
We fabricated perovskite solar cells based on the aforementioned monovalent cation halides, the corresponding J-V curves, and the photovoltaic parameters that are summarized in Figure 8a and Table 1. A significant improvement in open circuit voltage was achieved for both CuI- (0.99 V) and AgI- (1.02 V) based solar cells because of the ideal surface coverage (Figure 2c and 2e). Furthermore, a remarkable increase in the short circuit current (≈2 mA cm-2) for CuBr- and NaI-based solar cells was attained, which can be ascribed to the full conversion of PbI2 into CH3NH3PbI3. This improvement was confirmed by the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectra shown in Figure 8b. Finally, higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) levels of 15.2%, 15.6%, and 15.3% were achieved for NaI-, CuBr-, and CuI-based devices, respectively, compare to the 14.0% value for the pristine perovskite solar cell.
<img alt="Perovskite solar cell cross-section showing layers: Au, HTM, CH3NH3PbI3, mp-TiO2, c-TiO2, FTO." src="/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
Figure 1: Mesoscopic perovskite solar cell architecture. SEM cross-sectional micrograph of a complete device with the following structure: FTO/compact-TiO2/mesoporous-TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au.
<img alt="Nanoparticle surface morphology comparison, SEM images at 200 nm scale, material texture analysis." src="/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 2"> 
Figure 2: Morphological analysis of lead iodide and perovskite structures. Top-view SEM images of PbI2 (left side) and CH3NH3PbI3 (right side) structures: (a) pristine, (b) CuBr-, (c) CuI-, (d) NaI-, and (e) AgI-based perovskite samples deposited on a mesoporous TiO2-coated FTO. This figure has been reproduced from reference18. <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="XRD pattern diagram, PbI2 perovskite conversion with varying halides; CuBr, CuI, NaI, AgI on FTO." src="/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig3.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 3"> 
Figure 3: Effect of monovalent cation halide additives on perovskite crystallinity. X-ray diffraction spectra of pristine and additive-based CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite that is grown on mesoporous TiO2 film, which is deposited on the FTO-coated glass. This figure has been reproduced from reference18. <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="XPS spectra analysis; Pb, Na, Cu, Ag peaks; intensity vs. binding energy; research diagram." src="/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig4.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 4"> 
Figure 4: Trace of monovalent cations in the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite structure. XPS analysis of pristine, CuBr-, CuI-, NaI-, and AgI-based perovskite films. This figure has been reproduced from reference18. <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Absorbance vs. Energy graph for perovskite materials showing Urbach energy; spectral analysis comparison." src="/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig5.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 5"> 
Figure 5: Optical properties of perovskite films. (a) The absorption spectra of perovskite films derived from pristine and additive-based lead sources measured using the PDS technique. The inset shows the corresponding Urbach energies for all samples. The error bar is defined by the SD in fitting the Urbach tail. (b) Comparison of the PDS absorption spectra of pristine and CuBr-based lead iodide and perovskite films, as well as CuBr deposited on ms-TiO2 and CuBr-only films. This figure has been reproduced from reference18. <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Conductive probe microscopy diagram with CPD vs. position graph for CH₃NH₃PbI₃ on gold." src="/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig6.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 6"> 
Figure 6: Effect of monovalent cation additives on the surface potential of perovskite films. CPD line profiles recorded from pristine and additive-based perovskite films using KPFM. The AFM topography image is shown on the top. This figure has been reproduced from reference18. <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Graph of J-V curves and photocurrent density for different materials in solar cell study." src="/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig7.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 7"> 
Figure 7: Charge transport characteristics of perovskite films. (a) J-V characteristics of hole-only devices (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Perovskite/Au), utilized for estimating the SCLC hole mobility. Note that the current density (J) is scaled with the thickness of the perovskite layers. (b) The trends in the Jsc, µh, and µe for pristine and additive-based perovskite. This figure has been reproduced from reference18. <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Photovoltaic performance graphs, Jsc vs. Voltage and IPCE vs. Wavelength, depicting CuBr, CuI, NaI, AgI." src="/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig8.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 8"> 
Figure 8: Photovoltaic performance characteristics. (a) Current-voltage characteristics of devices under an illumination of 100 mW/cm2, obtained using different types of monovalent cation halides added to the lead source solution. (b) Incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) spectra as a function of the wavelength of monochromatic light for the pristine, CuBr-, CuI-, NaI-, and AgI-based perovskite solar cells. This figure has been reproduced from reference18. <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55307/55307fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Type of Sample</td>
			<td>JSC</td>
			<td>VOC</td>
			<td>FF</td>
			<td>PCE</td>
			<td>μe</td>
			<td>μh</td>
			<td>EAe</td>
			<td>EAh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>(mA cm-2)</td>
			<td>(V)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(%)</td>
			<td>(cm2/Vs)</td>
			<td>(cm2/Vs)</td>
			<td>(meV)</td>
			<td>(meV)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pristine</td>
			<td>21.03</td>
			<td>0.95</td>
			<td>0.70</td>
			<td>14.01</td>
			<td>0.02</td>
			<td>0.008</td>
			<td>135</td>
			<td>198</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CuBr</td>
			<td>22.92</td>
			<td>0.95</td>
			<td>0.72</td>
			<td>15.61</td>
			<td>0.05</td>
			<td>0.04</td>
			<td>88</td>
			<td>132</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CuI</td>
			<td>21.81</td>
			<td>0.99</td>
			<td>0.71</td>
			<td>15.25</td>
			<td>0.02</td>
			<td>0.036</td>
			<td>94</td>
			<td>157</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaI</td>
			<td>22.97</td>
			<td>0.9</td>
			<td>0.73</td>
			<td>15.14</td>
			<td>0.04</td>
			<td>0.07</td>
			<td>77</td>
			<td>137</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AgI</td>
			<td>19.24</td>
			<td>1.02</td>
			<td>0.72</td>
			<td>14.18</td>
			<td>0.005</td>
			<td>0.006</td>
			<td>105</td>
			<td>177</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Photovoltaic and charge transport parameters of PSC. Summary of the photovoltaic parameters derived from J-V measurements and charge mobilities, along with the activation energy for the pristine and additive-based perovskite solar cells that show the best performance and were fabricated using the two-step deposition method. It is notable that the statistics of the photovoltaic parameters follow the same trend as the best performing devices. This table has been reproduced from reference18.

Here, we present a protocol to adjust the properties of solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 through the incorporation of monovalent cation additives in order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to enhance the optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskite through monovalent cation doping to fabric highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Incorporation of monovalent cations into lead halide perovskite significantly improves the semiconductor quality and photo effect behavior of this material. Adding a rational amount of low cost monovalent cation dopants to perovskite materials enhances charge mobility and reduces energetic disorder by an order of magnitude.To begin comparing the substrate, use semi-transparent acrylic adhesive tape to cover 2/3 of the conductive side of an FTO coated glass slide. Then coat the uncovered areas with zinc powder. Pour a solution of 2 molar hydrochloric acid in distilled water over the slide to etch the substrate.Use a cotton swab to wipe the residue from the exposed sections of the slide. Rinse the etched FTO substrate with distilled water and then remove the tape. Wash the etched surface in a 2%weight by volume solution of alkaline liquid detergent concentrate and water.Sonicate the FTO substrate for 10 minutes each in acetone and isopropanol baths in sequence. Treat the FTO substrate in an oxygen plasma cleaner for 15 minutes to finish cleaning the etched substrate. To deposit the whole blocking compact titanium oxide layer, first place the etched and cleaned FTO substrate on hot plate at 450 degrees Celsius.Immediately cover the contact area with a precut glass slide and allow the substrate to heat to 450 degrees Celsius. Mix 0.6 milliliters of TAA with 7 milliliters of isopropanol. With the substrate is at 450 degrees Celsius, apply the TAA solution to the substrate by spray pyrolysis using air as the carrier gas.Allow the sample to remain at 450 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. Then allow the sample to cool to room temperature. Remove the glass cover once the substrate has cooled.To deposit the electron transport layer, first dilute 30 nanomolar titanium oxide paste with ethanol to a 2:7 weight ratio. Sonicate the suspension for 30 minutes. Then spin coat the sample with the suspension for 30 seconds at 5, 000 RPM with a ramp rate of 2, 000 RPM per second.Annihile the titanium film at 500 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes to yield a mesoporous titanium oxide film. Then immerse the sample in a 40 millimolar solution of titanium chloride and distilled water. Treat the samples at 70 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes.Annihile the titanium chloride treated sample at 450 degrees Celsius for another 30 minutes. Transfer the sample to a nitrogen-filled glove box with a humidity of less than 1%In a low-water, low-oxygen, inert atmosphere, add 1 milliliters of DMF to 553 milligrams of lead iodide. Heat the mixture to 80 degrees Celsius while stirring continuously until the lead iodide has dissolved.Then prepare a 0.02 molar solution of the chosen monovalent cation halide in the lead iodide solution. Apply 80 microliters of the monovalent cation halide in lead iodide solution to the substrate. Spin coat the substrate for 30 seconds at 6, 500 RPM with a ramp rate of 4, 000 RPM per second.Bake the resulting thin film at 80 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. Next, dissolve 40 milligrams of methylammonium iodide in 5 milliliters of isopropanol. Place the lead iodide coated substrate in a spin coater and apply 120 microliters of the MAI solution.Allow the solution to sit on the substrate for 45 seconds and then spin coat the substrate with MAI for 20 seconds at 4, 000 RPM. Annihile the perovskite film at 100 degrees Celsius for 45 minutes. To deposit the whole transport layer, first add 1 milliliter of chlorobenzene to 72.3 milligrams of spiro-methoxyTAD.Shake the mixture until the solution appears transparent. Prepare a stock solution of 520 milligrams of lithium TFSI in 1 milliliter of acetonitrile. Then mix 17.5 microliters of the lithium TFSI solution in 28.8 microliters of 4-tert-butylpyridine with the spiro-methoxyTAD solution.Spin coat the sample with this mixture for 30 seconds at 4, 000 RPM with a ramp rate of 2, 000 RPM per second. Cover the sample with a mask pattern for the top contacts of the solar cell. Deposit an 80 nanometer layer of gold onto the sample at a rate of 0.01 nanometers per second to finish fabricating the solar cell.Thin films of pristine and additive-based perovskites were compared to the corresponding lead iodide films. When sodium iodide was used as an additive, large branch-shaped crystals of lead iodide were observed by FESEM along with large, asymmetric perovskite crystals. When cooper iodide and silver iodide were used as additives, uniform, pinhole-free perovskite layers were observed.X-ray diffraction showed that the cation doping had no effect on the perovskite crystal structure. No peak corresponding to unconverted lead iodide was observed when sodium iodide or copper bromide was used as an additive. Kelvin probe force microscopy showed that the doped perovskite fermi levels shifted toward the valence band.The doped samples showed increased conductivity in electron and whole mobilities, particularly for the sodium iodide and copper bromide samples. Increases were also observed for the short circuit current in the fill factor. The greater short circuit current increase in copper bromide and sodium iodide based cells was attributed to the full conversion of lead iodide and improved charge mobility.Improvements in open circuit voltage were observed for copper iodide and silver iodide based solar cells, likely because of their uniform pinhole-free surfaces. The power conversion efficiencies of sodium iodide, copper bromide, and copper iodide based solar cells were all notably higher than that of a pristine perovskite cell. We have demonstrated a facile doping method that is compatible with the solution processing of methylammonium lead halide perovskite as an absorber layer in the mesoscopic perovskite solar cell structure.The optoelectronic and structural properties of lead halide perovskite materials can be tuned by control amounts of monovalent cation dopants, which can lead to superior photovoltaic performance. Our method paved the way for researchers in the field of photovoltaics to explore this technique in other configurations of perovskite solar cells to further improve the electronic quality of perovskite thin films.

monovalent-cation-doping-ch3nh3pbi3-for-efficient-perovskite-solar

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

We present an extensive study on the effects of different fabrication methods for organic/inorganic perovskite thin films by comparing crystal structures, density of states, energy levels, and ultimately the solar cell performance.

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

A Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity technique for investigating direct and trap-mediated recombination dynamics and determining carrier mobilities of thin film semiconductors is presented here.

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis of CH3NH3I and CH3NH3Br precursors and the subsequent formation of pinhole-free, continuous CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx thin films for the application in high efficiency solar cells and other optoelectronic devices.

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

This work provides a detailed experimental procedure for the deposition of Sb2S3 on a mesoporous TiO2 layer using a SbCl3-thiourea complex solution for applications in Sb2S3-sensitized solar cells. This article also determines key factors governing the deposition process.

Key Factors Affecting the Performance of Sb2S3-sensitized Solar Cells During an Sb2S3 Deposition via SbCl3-thiourea Complex Solution-processing

Herein, we present detailed protocols for solution-processed silver-bismuth-iodine (Ag-Bi-I) ternary semiconductor thin films fabricated on TiO2-coated transparent electrodes and their potential application as air-stable and lead-free optoelectronic devices.

Solution-Processed "Silver-Bismuth-Iodine" Ternary Thin Films for Lead-Free Photovoltaic Absorbers

A protocol for synthesizing inorganic-lead-halide hybrid perovskite quantum dot inks for inkjet printing and the protocol for preparing and printing the quantum dot inks in an inkjet printer with post characterization techniques are presented.

Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications

This work demonstrates facile room-temperature synthesis of colloidal quantum-confined lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets by ligand-assisted reprecipitation method. Synthesized nanoplatelets show spectrally narrow optical features and continuous spectral tunability throughout the visible range by varying the composition and thicknesses.

Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation

This paper is a demonstration and a guideline to perform and analyze in-house (with a laboratory X-ray instrument) in situ GISAXS experiments of drying inks on roll-to-roll slot-die coated, non-fullerene organic photovoltaics.

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

We describe a flash infrared annealing method used for the synthesis of perovskite and mesoscopic-TiO2 films. Annealing parameters are varied and optimized for processing on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate (ITO PET), subsequently giving devices power conversion efficiencies &gt;20%.

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

Learn monovalent cation doping of lead halide perovskites to enhance charge mobility and solar cell efficiency. This method improves semiconductor quality for high-performance photovoltaics.

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Explore More Videos