Name: Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2017-04-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 15 s
Description: Learn next generation electroporation for efficient small RNA transfection in primary human Th17 cells. This method enables precise gene expression studies and advances immunology research.

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This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health grants (R01HL109102, P01HL107202, U19CA179512, F31HL131361), a Leukemia &amp; Lymphoma Society scholar award (K.M.A.), and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) Medical Scientist Training Program (Grant #T32GM007618) (M.M.).

This protocol adheres to UCSF&#39;s guidelines for human research ethics.
1. Preparation of T Cell Culture, Isolation of CD4+ T Cells, and Th17 Polarization
<ol>
	<li>On Day 0, coat 6-well tissue culture plates with 1.5 mL per well of anti-human CD3 (2 &#181;g/mL) and anti-human CD28 (4 &#181;g/mL) in PBS with calcium and magnesium for at least 2 h at 37 &#176;C.
	<ol>
		<li>Alternatively, coat the plates overnight at 4 &#176;C. Wrap plates in parafilm.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare the cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) by density gradient centrifugation per manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
	CAUTION: Work carefully and ensure proper personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn when handling human blood to avoid any risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens.</li>
	<li>Once the mononuclear cells have been isolated and washed, perform human CD4+ T cell isolation by negative selection using a commercial Human CD4+ T cell kit. 
	NOTE: If there is red blood cell contamination after mononuclear cell isolation, an optional red blood cell lysis may be performed prior to the CD4+ T cell isolation steps. Resuspend the mononuclear cells in 1 mL of isolation buffer (2% FBS in PBS). Add 5 mL of 1x lysing solution. Incubate for 15 min at room temperature. Then add 5 mL of isolation buffer and centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C to pellet the cells.
	<ol>
		<li>Resuspend the mononuclear cells at a density of 50 x 106 per 500 &#181;L in the isolation buffer in a new 5 mL tube.</li>
		<li>Add 100 &#181;L of FBS and 100 &#181;L of the Antibody Mix per tube then incubate each tube at 4 &#176;C for 20 min on an orbital shaker to mix well.</li>
		<li>After the incubation, add 3-4 mL of isolation buffer to wash the cells. Centrifuge the cells at 300 x g for 8 min at 4 &#176;C to pellet the cells. Carefully aspirate the supernatant.</li>
		<li>During this spin, pre-wash the magnetic beads. Transfer the desired amount of magnetic beads into a new tube (used at 1:1 with the cells) and add an equal volume of isolation buffer to wash the beads. Mix well&#160;using a 1 mL micropipette and then place the tube in the magnet for at least 1 min. Carefully aspirate the supernatant. Resuspend the magnetic beads in the same volume initially transferred prior to the wash.</li>
		<li>Resuspend the cells in each tube with 500 &#181;L of the isolation buffer and add 500 &#181;L of pre-washed magnetic beads.</li>
		<li>Incubate the cells with the magnetic beads for 15 min on an orbital shaker at room temperature (18 &#176;C to 25 &#176;C) to mix well.</li>
		<li>After the incubation, thoroughly pipet the cells using a 1 mL micropipette at least 10 times. Then add 3-4 mL of isolation buffer and place each tube in the magnet for 2 min.</li>
		<li>Carefully transfer the negatively selected CD4+ T cells that are in the supernatant to a new tube.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Once CD4+ T cell isolation is completed, count the cells with a hemocytometer and keep the cells on ice.</li>
	<li>Wash the antibody-coated plates two times with PBS. Then add 1.5 mL of 2x mix of Th17-polarizing media to each well: anti-human IFN&#947; (20 &#181;g/mL), anti-human IL-4 (20 &#181;g/mL), human TGF&#946; (10 ng/mL), human IL-1&#946; (40 ng/mL), human IL-23 (40 ng/mL), human IL-6 (50 ng/mL) all diluted in a serum-free base media (supplemented with&#160;2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin, 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 100 &#181;M 2-mercaptoethanol). 
	NOTE: Transfection and RNA interference does work in serum-containing media. The purpose of using serum-free media with this protocol is to achieve better IL-17A production.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the human CD4+ T cells at 500 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C to pellet cells. Carefully aspirate the supernatant. Then resuspend the cells in serum-free base media and plate the cells at a density of 3 x 106 in 1.5 mL per well so that the final volume is 3 mL per well and polarizing cytokines are now at a 1x final concentration.
	<ol>
		<li>Place the plates in 5% CO2, 37 &#176;C incubator for two days.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Electroporation of In Vitro Polarized Human Th17 Cells
<ol>
	<li>On Day 2, coat 48-well tissue culture plates with 250 &#181;L per well of anti-human CD3 (2 &#181;g/mL) and anti-human CD28 (4 &#181;g/mL) in PBS with calcium and magnesium for at least 2 h at 37 &#176;C.
	<ol>
		<li>Alternatively, coat the plates overnight at 4 &#176;C. Wrap plates in parafilm.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Prepare small RNAs for transfection. For each transfection, aliquot 1 &#181;L of a 5 &#181;M stock solution of siRNA into a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. Include appropriate chemistry-matched small RNA control. Keep all tubes on ice.</li>
	<li>Wash the antibody-coated plates two times with PBS. Then add 500 &#181;L of 1X Th17-polarizing media to each well: anti-human IFN&#947; (10 &#181;g/mL), anti-human IL-4 (10 &#181;g/mL), human TGF&#946; (5 ng/mL), human IL-1&#946; (20 ng/mL), human IL-23 (20 ng/mL), human IL-6 (25 ng/mL) all diluted in a serum-free base media (supplemented with&#160;2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin, 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 100 &#181;M 2-mercaptoethanol).</li>
	<li>After the culture plates and transfection reagents are prepared, resuspend the cells with a 1 mL micropipette, pipetting gently but ensuring that all the cells are detached from the bottom of the wells. Pool the cells into a conical tube and centrifuge at 500 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: For culture periods longer than the four-day protocol presented herein, the cells should be transfected approximately every 3 days using this same protocol. Step 2.4 should be modified however since the cells treated with different small RNAs should not be pooled. All of the conditions being tested must be collected, counted, and transfected separately.</li>
	<li>Carefully aspirate the supernatant, and then resuspend the cells in at least 1 mL of PBS to wash. Count the live Th17 cells (e.g. with a hemocytometer using Trypan Blue exclusion to assess viability) and then transfer the cells to a microcentrifuge tube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 500 x g for 5 min at room temperature to pellet the cells.</li>
	<li>Carefully aspirate the supernatant, and then resuspend the cells using the provided resuspension buffer from the transfection system 10 &#181;L kit at a density of 2.5-4 x 107 cells per mL. Keep cells at room temperature. 
	NOTE: As a guideline, try to prepare only as many cells as can be transfected within 30 min. Multiple batches can be compared.</li>
	<li>Add 9 &#181;L of cells to 1 &#181;L of small RNA in each microcentrifuge tube. Pipet once to mix the cells and small RNAs for transfection then load into the provided pipette electrode tip. 
	NOTE: Typically, add 9.5 &#181;L of cell suspension to ensure there is enough of the mixture to prevent creating bubbles in the pipet electrode tip prior to transfection.</li>
	<li>Fill the provided cuvette with 3 mL of room temperature Electrolytic Buffer E. Place the cuvette inside the pipette station and then place the pipette into position inside the cuvette.</li>
	<li>Immediately electroporate each 10 &#181;L mix of cells and small RNA using the following parameters: pulse voltage 1,500-1,550 V, pulse width 10 ms, and 3 pulses total on the transfection device.</li>
	<li>After the electroporation is complete, directly add the cell mixture to 500 &#181;L of 1X Th17-polarizing media in prepared wells of a culture plate. Place plates in a 5% CO2, 37 &#176;C incubator for two more days. 
	NOTE: Wash the pipette electrode tip by pipetting up and down in PBS in between each transfection.</li>
</ol>
3. Harvesting Human Th17 Cells
<ol>
	<li>Resuspend the cells in culture media with a micropipette, pipetting gently but ensuring that all the cells are detached from the bottom of the wells. Prepare the cells for functional and/or gene expression assays. 
	NOTE: Routinely, enough cells are yielded from a single well of transfected Th17 cells to be used for flow cytometric analysis of surface marker and intracellular cytokine and transcription factor staining or for preparation of RNA for gene expression analysis.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Zhu, J., Yamane, H., Paul, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Differentiation+of+Effector+CD4+T+Cell+Populations%2A%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+Rev+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Differentiation of Effector CD4 T Cell Populations*.</a> Ann Rev Immunol. 28 (1), 445-489 (2010).</li>
<li>Korn, T., Bettelli, E., Oukka, M., Kuchroo, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((IL-17+and+Th17+Cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+Rev+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">IL-17 and Th17 Cells.</a> Ann Rev Immunol. 27 (1), 485-517 (2009).</li>
<li>Gaffen, S. L., Jain, R., Garg, A. V., Cua, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+IL-23-IL-17+immune+axis%3A+from+mechanisms+to+therapeutic+testing%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">The IL-23-IL-17 immune axis: from mechanisms to therapeutic testing.</a> Nature. 14 (9), 585-600 (2014).</li>
<li>Romagnani, S., Maggi, E., Liotta, F., Cosmi, L., Annunziato, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Properties+and+origin+of+human+Th17+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mol+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Properties and origin of human Th17 cells.</a> Mol Immunol. 47 (1), 3-7 (2009).</li>
<li>Acosta-Rodriguez, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Surface+phenotype+and+antigenic+specificity+of+human+interleukin+17-producing+T+helper+memory+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Surface phenotype and antigenic specificity of human interleukin 17-producing T helper memory cells.</a> Nature Immunol. 8 (6), 639-646 (2007).</li>
<li>Annunziato, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Phenotypic+and+functional+features+of+human+Th17+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Exp+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">Phenotypic and functional features of human Th17 cells.</a> J Exp Med. 204 (8), 1849-1861 (2007).</li>
<li>Du, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((MicroRNA+miR-326+regulates+TH-17+differentiation+and+is+associated+with+the+pathogenesis+of+multiple+sclerosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">MicroRNA miR-326 regulates TH-17 differentiation and is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.</a> Nature Immunol. 10 (12), 1252-1259 (2009).</li>
<li>Escobar, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((miR-155+Activates+Cytokine+Gene+Expression+in+Th17+Cells+by+Regulating+the+DNA-Binding+Protein+Jarid2+to+Relieve+Polycomb-Mediated+Repression%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Immunity%22%5BJournal%5D)">miR-155 Activates Cytokine Gene Expression in Th17 Cells by Regulating the DNA-Binding Protein Jarid2 to Relieve Polycomb-Mediated Repression.</a> Immunity. 40 (6), 865-879 (2014).</li>
<li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Negative+regulation+of+Hif1a+expression+and+TH17+differentiation+by+the+hypoxia-regulated+microRNA+miR-210%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Negative regulation of Hif1a expression and TH17 differentiation by the hypoxia-regulated microRNA miR-210.</a> Nature Immunol. 15 (4), 393-401 (2014).</li>
<li>Kim, T. K., Eberwine, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mammalian+cell+transfection%3A+the+present+and+the+future%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Anal+bioanal+chem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future.</a> Anal bioanal chem. 397 (8), 3173-3178 (2010).</li>
<li>Steiner, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((MicroRNA-29+Regulates+T-Box+Transcription+Factors+and+Interferon-%26gamma%3B+Production+in+Helper+T+Cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Immunity%22%5BJournal%5D)">MicroRNA-29 Regulates T-Box Transcription Factors and Interferon-&gamma; Production in Helper T Cells.</a> Immunity. 35 (2), 169-181 (2011).</li>
<li>Simpson, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+microRNA+upregulated+in+asthma+airway+T+cells+promotes+TH2+cytokine+production%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">A microRNA upregulated in asthma airway T cells promotes TH2 cytokine production.</a> Nature Immunol. 15 (12), 1162-1170 (2014).</li>
<li>Pua, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((MicroRNAs+24+and+27+Suppress+Allergic+Inflammation+and+Target+a+Network+of+Regulators+of+T+Helper+2+Cell-Associated+Cytokine+Production%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Immunity%22%5BJournal%5D)">MicroRNAs 24 and 27 Suppress Allergic Inflammation and Target a Network of Regulators of T Helper 2 Cell-Associated Cytokine Production.</a> Immunity. 44 (4), 821-832 (2016).</li>
<li>Flaherty, S., Reynolds, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mouse+Na%C3%AFve+CD4%2B+T+Cell+Isolation+and+In+vitro+Differentiation+into+T+Cell+Subsets%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets.</a> J Vis Exp. (98), (2015).</li>
<li>Schumann, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Generation+of+knock-in+primary+human+T+cells+using+Cas9+ribonucleoproteins%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA%22%5BJournal%5D)">Generation of knock-in primary human T cells using Cas9 ribonucleoproteins.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112 (33), 10437-10442 (2015).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

This protocol provides an improved method for the delivery of small RNAs into human Th17 cells. Although human Th17 cells were used here, this method of electroporation with small RNAs can be used with other primary human T helper subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Tregs. It has not worked well for na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells so the cells must be activated in culture prior to transfection. For this protocol, we first optimized the in vitro culture system for better IL-17A production. The biggest factor was ba...

CD4+ T cells are crucial orchestrators of the adaptive immune response. Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells are capable of developing into several different effector T cells (e.g. Th1, Th2, Th17, etc.), each with their own set of characteristic cytokines and transcription factors, depending upon the local microenvironment1. The lineage decisions that T cells make are critical for both protective immunity and tolerance to self. Th17 cells are one subset of T cells known to combat extracellular bacteria and fungi, but their improper responses are also implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and psoriasis2,3. Human Th17 cells can be generated from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro by providing them with an appropriate polarizing environment4. Various combinations of the cytokines IL-1&#946;, IL-23, TGF&#946;, and IL-6 have been used for the development of human Th17 cells. Human Th17 cells express CCR6, a chemokine receptor that is commonly used to identify this cell population and are defined by the expression of their principal transcription factor, ROR&#947;t (encoded by RORC)5,6. Th17 cells have the ability to express multiple cytokines, but IL-17A is the lineage-defining effector cytokine produced by these cells. We examined the expression of all three Th17-associated markers (CCR6, ROR&#947;t, IL-17A) to assess the robustness of our human Th17 in vitro differentiation assay. Additionally, we cultured human CD4+ T cells under non-polarizing conditions, where no cytokines or blocking antibodies were added to the culture media to use as a negative control since expression of these Th17 markers should be very low or absent.
One way to study normal human T cell development and biology is to manipulate gene expression during their development. Short-interfering RNA (siRNA) are synthetic small RNA molecules that target protein-coding mRNAs and can be utilized to reduce specific gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNAs known to modulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. miRNAs have been shown to play an important role in both murine and human T cell biology, including in Th17 cells7,8,9. It is crucial to have reliable methods of manipulating small RNA activity in human T cells to study their effects on gene expression and ultimately on human T cell biology. Here, we describe an easy-to-use, consistent and reliable protocol that we developed for introducing small synthetic RNAs and locked nucleic acids (LNAs, chemically modified nucleic acids with increased stability) into immune cells, and specifically into human Th17 cells.
There are several alternative methods of introducing small RNAs into mammalian cells, which generally fall into chemical, biological, or physical categories10. Commonly used chemical methods, including lipid-based transfections and calcium-phosphate transfections, rely on creating chemical-DNA complexes that are more efficiently taken up by cells. In general, chemical methods are not as efficient for the transfection of primary T cells. The most common biological method is to use a viral vector (e.g. retrovirus or lentivirus), which directly inserts foreign RNA into a host as a part of its natural replication cycle. Viral transduction typically takes longer to complete, especially when one factors in time for molecular cloning of proviral plasmids. Additionally, viral transduction vectors can be potentially harmful to human researchers. Electroporation is a physical method of inducing membrane permeabilization by subjecting cells to high voltage pulses, allowing nucleic acids to transiently enter into the cell where they can act on their target. Traditional electroporation instruments were not effective for transfecting primary lymphocytes. However, optimized next generation electroporation has proven to be capable of transfecting T cells at very high efficiency, especially when the material to be transfected is small RNA. The term next generation is loosely used to differentiate the two newer platforms (e.g., Neon, Amaxa) from traditional electroporation machines. Additionally, this method is easily scalable for moderate throughput screens with up to approximately 120 small RNAs in a single experiment, often using validated synthetic reagents. Importantly, successful transfections can be achieved in as little as 16 h after T cell activation. The disadvantage of this method, however, is that it does not result in stable genomic incorporation, and is therefore transient. Hence, it is worth the extra effort to create a stable expression construct that can be packaged into a viral vector and successfully expressed in T cells in cases where long-term expression of a small RNA is required.
We have used a next generation transfection (e.g., Neon) to deliver diverse synthetic single or double-stranded RNA or LNA oligonucleotide tools for different purposes11,12,13. Efficient RNA interference can be induced in primary mouse and human T cells using double-stranded short-interfering RNA (siRNA). This protocol describes optimized conditions for using this technique in human Th17 cells. In addition to siRNAs, commercially available synthetic miRNA mimics and inhibitors can be used to study miRNA gain and loss of function. miRNA mimics are double-stranded RNA molecules very similar to siRNAs, but designed with the sequence of endogenous mature miRNAs. miRNA inhibitors are chemically-modified RNA and/or LNA based single stranded oligonucleotides that bind to native miRNAs and antagonize their function. We have found that all of these tools can be used effectively in cultured primary T lymphocytes, including but not limited to human Th17 cells.

<table><tbody><tr><td>anti-human IL-17A PE</td><td>ebioscience</td><td>12-7179-42&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Clone: eBio64DEC17</td></tr><tr><td>anti-human IFNg FITC</td><td>ebioscience</td><td>11-7319-82</td><td>Clone: 4S.B3</td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD4 eVolve605</td><td>ebioscience</td><td>83-0047-42</td><td>Clone: SK3</td></tr><tr><td>mouse anti-human CD196 (CCR6) BV421</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>562515</td><td>Clone: 11A9</td></tr><tr><td>anti-human RORgt AF647</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>563620</td><td>Clone: Q21-559</td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD45 eFluor450</td><td>ebioscience</td><td>48-9459-42</td><td>Clone: 2D1</td></tr><tr><td>Foxp3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set</td><td>ebioscience</td><td>00-5523-00</td><td>For intracellular transcription factor flow cytometry staining</td></tr><tr><td>Hu FcR Binding Inhibitor Purified</td><td>ebioscience</td><td>14-9161-71</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImmunoCult-XF T Cell Expansion Medium</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>10981</td><td>&quot;Serum-Free Base Media&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>MACS CD28 pure functional grade, human</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-093-375</td><td>Clone: 15E8</td></tr><tr><td>anti-human CD3 Purified</td><td>UCSF monoclonal antibody core</td><td>N/A</td><td>Clone: OKT-3</td></tr><tr><td>LEAF purified anti-human IL-4</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>500815</td><td>Clone: MP4-25D2</td></tr><tr><td>anti-human IFNg, functional grade purified</td><td>ebioscience</td><td>16-7318-85</td><td>Clone: NIB42</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant human IL-23</td><td>Peprotech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>200-23</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant human IL-1&amp;beta;</td><td>Peprotech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>200-01B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant human TGF-&amp;beta;1</td><td>Peprotech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>100-21C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant human IL-6</td><td>Peprotech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>200-06</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>siGENOME Control Pool, Non-targeting #2</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>D-001206-14-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>siGENOME SMARTpool Human RORC</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>M-003442-00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>siGENOME SMARTpool Human PTPRC</td><td>Dharmacon</td><td>M-008067-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dynabeads Untouched Human CD4 T Cells Kit</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>11346D</td><td>Human CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cell Isolation Kit</td></tr><tr><td>Neon Tranfection System</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>MPK5000</td><td>Next generation electroporation instrument</td></tr><tr><td>Neon Tranfection System 10 &amp;mu;L Kit</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>MPK1096</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Resuspension Buffer T</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>Provided in kit (MPK1096)</td><td>&quot;Transfection Resuspension Buffer&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Lymphoprep</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>#07801</td><td>Density Gradient Medium</td></tr><tr><td>costar 6-well tissue culture treated plates</td><td>Corning</td><td>3516</td><td>flat bottom plates</td></tr><tr><td>costar 48-well tissue culture treated plates</td><td>Corning</td><td>3548</td><td>flat bottom plates</td></tr><tr><td>BD Pharm Lyse lysing buffer, 10x</td><td>BD biosciences</td><td>555899</td><td>Must make 1x solution with distilled water prior to use</td></tr></tbody></table>

small rna transfection in primary human th17 cells by next generation electroporation

Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro by activating them in the presence of the polarizing cytokines IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, and TGF&#946;. Th17 cells orchestrate immunity against extracellular bacteria and fungi, but their aberrant activity has also been associated with several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Th17 cells are identified by the chemokine receptor CCR6 and defined by their master transcription factor, ROR&#947;t, and characteristic effector cytokine, IL-17A. Optimized culture conditions for Th17 cell differentiation facilitate mechanistic studies of human T cell biology in a controlled environment. They also provide a setting for studying the importance of specific genes and gene expression programs through RNA interference or the introduction of microRNA (miRNA) mimics or inhibitors. This protocol provides an easy to use, reproducible, and highly efficient method for transient transfection of differentiating primary human Th17 cells with small RNAs using a next generation electroporation device.

The first step to developing a reliable system of successfully electroporating human Th17 cells was to generate robust in vitro differentiated human Th17 cell cultures. T cells cultured under Th17-polarizing conditions expressed the chemokine receptor CCR6 and the transcription factor RORγt (Figure 1A, left). These markers were not expressed when T cells were cultured under non-polarizing (ThN) conditions (Figure 1A, right). T cells cultured unde...

Next generation electroporation is an efficient method for transfecting human Th17 cells with small RNAs to alter gene expression and cell behavior.

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to efficiently transfect primary human T cells with small RNA reagents using next generation electroporation. This method can help answer key questions in T cell biology, such as how specific gene products regulate T cell differentiation and immune function. The main advantage of this technique is that it is a highly efficient and reliable method to transfect primary human T cells with sRNAs and other synthetic small RNA reagents.This method can provide insight into the biology of human Th17 cells, but it can also be applied to other systems, such as other lymphocytes from humans or mice. On day zero, coat six well tissue culture plates with 1.5 milliliters per well of antihuman CD3 and antihuman CD28 in PBS with calcium and magnesium for at least two hours at 37 degrees Celsius. Once the cord-blood mononuclear cells, or CBMCs, have been isolated and washed, perform CD4 positive T cell isolation by negative selection using a commercial human CD4 positive T cell kit.Add isolation buffer and re-suspend the mononuclear cells. Transfer the cells to a new five milliliter tube, then add 100 microliters of fetal bovine serum, or FBS, and 100 microlite

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The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

We present our optimized high-throughput nucleofection protocol as an efficient way of transfecting primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells with either plasmid DNA or siRNA without causing cell maturation. We further provide evidence for successful siRNA silencing of targeted gene RIG-I at both the mRNA and protein levels.

Optimized Protocol for Efficient Transfection of Dendritic Cells without Cell Maturation

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Utilizing a preassembled Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) is a powerful method for precise, efficient genome editing. Here, we highlight its utility across a broad range of cells and organisms, including primary human cells and both classic and emerging model organisms.

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

We have developed a protocol to transfect primary human pigment epithelial cells by electroporation with the gene encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system. Successful transfection was demonstrated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunoblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Electroporation-Based Genetic Modification of Primary Human Pigment Epithelial Cells Using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System

We present a protocol for retroviral transduction of guide RNA into primary T cells from Cas9 transgenic mice, providing an efficient alternative for gene editing in studying Th17 differentiation.

Retroviral CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Targeting for the Study of Th17 Differentiation in Vitro

This protocol provides a streamlined workflow to generate and test human chimeric antigen receptor regulatory T cells (CAR Tregs).

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

A detailed protocol is provided for using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to achieve highly efficient targeted knock-in of large, multicistronic constructs in primary human T cells via the homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ) DNA repair pathway. T cells engineered with this cGMP-adaptable protocol maintain excellent cell expansion, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production.

Non-Viral Engineering of Primary Human T Cells via Homology-Mediated End-Joining Targeted Integration of Large DNA Templates

This protocol describes miniaturized CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing of TCRα/β receptor in primary human T cells using ‘DMF-ection’, a digital microfluidic (DMF) electroporation platform. The method enables parallel, low-input gene editing with high viability and is further adaptable for mRNA delivery into multicellular 3D spheroids.

A Digital Microfluidic Electroporation Platform for Low-Input CRISPR Genome Editing and mRNA Transfection In Suspension T Cells and 3D Cell Models

The delivery of genome editors as RNAs is a particularly potent means of modifying the genomes of primary mammalian cells and cell lines. The goal of this protocol is to deliver genome editors as mRNA into primary mammalian cells and cell lines, followed by targeted Illumina sequencing and analysis to quantify editing outcomes.

Genome Editing in Primary Mammalian Cells via Electroporation of Editor RNA

Learn next generation electroporation for efficient small RNA transfection in primary human Th17 cells. This method enables precise gene expression studies and advances immunology research.

Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation

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