Name: A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2018-02-22T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 57 s
Description: Learn a novel method for inducing depression-like behavior in rats using chronic unpredictable stress and cohabitation protocols. This technique enables researchers to study contagious depression mechanisms and potential interventions.

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5 minutes

The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. R. Bilyar, Resident, Urology Department, Soroka Medical Center, for his help in the laboratory as well as in the video analysis. The support of Shira Ovadia, Director of Animal Resources Unit, is also gratefully acknowledged. Many thanks to A. Alir and to the staff at the Critical Care Unit, Soroka Medical Center for their support and helpful discussions.

The following procedure was conducted according to the recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki and Tokyo and the Guidelines for the Use of Experimental Animals of the European Community. The experiments were also approved by the Animal Care Committee at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
1. Preparing Rats for the Experimental Procedure
Note: For the experimental procedure, select male Sprague-Dawley rats with no overt pathology, each weighing between 300 and 350 g.
<ol>
	<li>House three rats per cage, with chow and water available ad libitum, and allow for at least two weeks of adaptation, alternating between 12 h of daylight and 12 h of darkness.</li>
	<li>Before initiation of the experiment, test all rats for the presence of depressive-like behaviors using a 3-day sucrose preference test (refer to step 4).</li>
	<li>Exclude rats that are perceived to display depressive-like behaviors and those that are housed in the same cages as such rats, so as to avoid possible spread of depression to unaffected rats before the experiment has begun first, eliminate rats that test positive for depression; then, eliminate rats that are housed in the same cages as the depressed rats.</li>
	<li>If necessary, exclude additional rats at random to create final groups of 60 rats for the depression experiment, 30 rats for the contagion group, and 30 ratsforthe control group.</li>
	<li>Tag rats (using numbered stickers), throughout the experimental procedures. Temporarily transfer rats to single cages during the experiments (in the same room and dark cycle for the CUS, Sucrose and open field tests, and in a different room and dark cycle for the forced-swim test and for one of the stressors (refer to 2.1.7)) and return them to their original social groups at the end.</li>
</ol>
2. The Procedure for the Induction of Depression in Rats
Note: In order to induce depression, subject the 60 rats in the CUS-exposed group to several manipulations of CUS for five weeks20.
<ol>
	<li>Expose rats daily to any 2 of the following 7 stressors, in a random order; to one stressor during the day and to the other at night, for 5 consecutive weeks.
	<ol>
		<li>House the rats in groups (six rats, instead of the usual three, per cage for 18 h);</li>
		<li>Place the rats in a tilted cage (45° along the vertical axis for 3 h);</li>
		<li>Deprive the rats of food (18 h);</li>
		<li>Deprive the rats of water (18 h) and expose them to empty water bottles immediately following a period of acute water deprivation (1 h);</li>
		<li>Place the rats in a wet bedding cage (with 300 mL of water spilled in the bedding) for 8 h (night cycle);</li>
		<li>Expose the rats to continuous lighting (24 h) and reversed light/dark cycle (12 h) twice per week;</li>
		<li>Place the rats in a hot environment (40°C, 5 min - night cycle), with another apparatus used to increase the heat.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Confirm the development of depression by performing a sucrose preference test (refer to step 4). 
	Note: The protocol can be paused after each of the above steps. Additionally, if any aberrant behavior is displayed by any rat, then, eliminate the rat and any other rat that might have been affected by the erratic rat.</li>
</ol>
3. The Procedure for Establishing Depression-Contagion in Naïve Rats
<ol>
	<li>Establish 30 social groups with rats from the CUS-exposed (60) and depression-contagion (30) groups:
	<ol>
		<li>House two CUS-exposed rats per cage in 30 different cages.</li>
		<li>Add one rat from the depression-contagion group to each cage containing two CUS- exposed rats.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Allow cohabitation for 5 weeks , under standard conditions,with chow and water available ad libitum.</li>
	<li>After 5 weeks of cohabitation, subject all groups to the sucrose preference, open field, and forced-swim tests in the order shown in Figure 1.</li>
</ol>
4. The Sucrose preference test21
<ol>
	<li>During the dark cycle, place the rats in individual cages in the same room as the housing.</li>
	<li>Place a bottle of 100 mL 1% (w/v) sucrose solution in each cage for 24 h, and allow for adaptation.</li>
	<li>Remove the bottles and deprive the rats of food and water for 12 h.</li>
	<li>Place two bottles, one containing 100 mL of sucrose solution (1 %, w/v) and the other, 100 mL of tap water, in each cage for 4 h.</li>
	<li>Record the volume (in mL) of both the consumed sucrose solution and water, and calculate the affinity to sucrose preference as follows: 
	<img alt="Sucrose preference formula, ratio of sucrose to total liquid consumption, educational equation." src="/files/ftp_upload/57137/57137eq1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Equation 1"></li>
</ol>
5. The Open Field Test
Note: The standard open field test is commonly used to assess locomotor, exploratory, and anxiety-like behaviors, and behavioral responses to novelty in laboratory animals22, 23. This test has also been shown to analyze depressive behaviors24. The open field test examines two opposing parameters; the rodents' fear for the bright light shining at the center of the field against their expressive desire towards novelty. When anxious, rodents tend to avoid discovery and stay put by the walls (thigmotaxis). This anxiety is determined by the degree of averting the brightly lit central field. The open field, consisting of a black lusterless acrylic box (120 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm), is divided into the central part (25%) and the rest of the box (75%). This test takes place in the same room as the housing during the dark cycle. A video camera, suspended about 200 cm above the field, is used for recording the open field test22, 23.
<ol>
	<li>Clean the apparatus with 5% alcohol prior to the introduction of each animal. Place the rat at the corner of the open field facing the wall.</li>
	<li>Record the rat's behavior with a video camera for 5 min.</li>
	<li>Analyze post-recordings of the following parameters: total travel distance, velocity in the central part of the field, and time spent in the central part of the field.</li>
</ol>
6. The Forced-Swim Test
Note: The principle of the forced swim test is based on the fact that when rats are forced to swim in a confined space, they eventually give up and remain immobile, occasionally moving their bodies in order to avoid drowning21, 23. Due to the enormity of the already assembled apparatus, this test was carried out in the different room during the dark cycle.
<ol>
	<li>For habituation, place the rat in a glass cylinder (100 cm tall, 40 cm in diameter, and 40 cm deep) containing water at room temperature, for a 15 min swimming session.</li>
	<li>Remove the rat from the cylinder, dry with paper towels, and place in a warm cage for 15 min.</li>
	<li>Return the rat to its home (original) cage; 
	Note: The protocol can be paused here. Also, if any rat in the course of this test is drowning, pull it out immediately.</li>
	<li>On the following day, videotape a 5-min swim session and analyze post-recordings of the following parameters: Immobility, Climbing, and Defecation.</li>
</ol>

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<li>Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., Rapson, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.amazon.com/Emotional-Contagion-Studies-Emotion-Interaction/dp/0521449480">Emotional contagion, vol. vii</a>. , Cambridge University Press/Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. Cambridge, England/New York/Paris. 240(1994).</li>
<li>Ocampo, B., Kritikos, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Interpreting+actions%3A+the+goal+behind+mirror+neuron+function%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Brain+Res+Rev%22%5BJournal%5D)">Interpreting actions: the goal behind mirror neuron function.</a> Brain Res Rev. 67 (1-2), 260-267 (2011).</li>
<li>Van Zalk, M. H., Kerr, M., Branje, S. J., Stattin, H., Meeus, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Peer+contagion+and+adolescent+depression%3A+the+role+of+failure+anticipation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Clin+Child+Adolesc+Psychol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Peer contagion and adolescent depression: the role of failure anticipation.</a> J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 39 (6), 837-848 (2010).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

According to the results obtained with the application of this protocol, healthy rats, like humans, were negatively affected by depressed rats when housed together over an extended period. The contagiously depressed rats were affected by their already depressed counterparts after five weeks of cohabitation, establishing a distinct animal depression-contagion model for the first time. An earlier study with pigs had also suggested shared emotional statutes between depressed and healthy pigs25.
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Tests carried out in recent times have suggested that psychiatric illnesses could be easily spread to healthy individuals via contagion1. In this case, it is termed social contagion and is spread through affect, attitude, or behavior. This only requires one depressed individual to interact with one or more healthy individuals, thereby facilitating the sharing of emotion. Social relationships are hence a very important component of mood, as they define the transfer of emotions from one individual to the other, by way of mimicry and &#34;emotional contagion&#34;. Time frames for contagion to take effect vary2, inevitably depending on the severity of the emotion and the strength of resistance of the recipient.
The significant consequences of emotional contagion have ensured that studies made in the past mainly focused on the negative aspects. The outcome of negative effects ensured contagion depression received enormous attention, with studies showing that contagion depression increases the likelihood of families and friends of a depressed individual exhibiting depressive behaviors3,4,5,6.
There are both personal and economic reasons for tackling depression. It commonly causes morbidity; and its lifetime incidence is between 13.3 and 17.1% in the United States7. The World Health Organization files show that depression is fourth on the list of global diseases with huge burdens, occurring in people of all genders, ages, social backgrounds, and is equally capable of inflicting poor health, impacting the ability to interact with others8,9,10,11, and causing excess disability12,13. 850,000 lives are estimated to be lost to depressive suicide each year14. Patients are typically prescribed antidepressant medications or advised to undergo cognitive behavioral therapy. These treatmentshelp about 60-80% of patients. However, dealing with the disease still poses a big problem; treatment is not available to all depressed patients. For those who get treatment, some suffer side effects, while others poorly comply with guidelines15. The number of patients resistant to treatment is up to about 40%14. With depression, the economy has frequently suffered in the form of expensive treatment, a decrease in the workforce, and early retirements16. An estimated annual loss of $44 billion in the United States is caused by depression, accounting for almost half of the country&#39;s lost productivity17. Expensive treatment requires careful medical attention, which incurs a variety of increased medical costs and necessitates anticipation of undesirable outcomes, as well as poor response to treatment18.
Having not come across an already proven animal model to study the depression-contagion mechanism, its prevention, and treatment, this hypothetical animal protocol was used for the first time. It suggests that through cohabitation with CUS-exposed rats, healthy rats tend to express depressive behaviors. The main objective of this experiment was to establish a laboratory procedure that highlighted the transfer of depression, via contagion, from CUS-exposed rats to healthy ones. Next, results were evaluated to determine if depression-contagion was limited only to depressive symptoms, or if it was related to other mood disorders, such as anxiety. The ultimate goal of the experiment is to draw closer to better understanding the mechanism of depression-contagion in the race to develop new therapeutic approaches19.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Rat Cages</td><td>Techniplast</td><td>2000P</td><td>Conventional housing for rodents. Was used for housing rats throughout the experiment</td></tr><tr><td>Water</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Common tap water used througout the experiment at different stages</td></tr><tr><td>Purina Chow</td><td>Purina</td><td>5001</td><td>Rodent laboratory chow given to rats, mice and hamster is a life-cycle nutrition that has been used in biomedical researc for over 5 decades. Provided to rats ad libitum in this experiment</td></tr><tr><td>Bottles</td><td>Techniplast</td><td>ACBT0262SU</td><td>150 ml bottles filled with 100 ml of water and 100 ml 1%(w/v) sucrose solution</td></tr><tr><td>Black lusterless perspex box</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>(120 cm &amp;times; 60 cm &amp;times; 60 cm), divided into a 25% central zone and the surrounding border zone</td></tr><tr><td>Video Camera</td><td>Canon</td><td>-</td><td>Digital video camera for high definition recording of rat behavior under open field test</td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol</td><td>Pharmacy</td><td>-</td><td>99% pharmaceutical alcohol diluted to 5% and used for lceaning the open field test box before the introduction of each rat</td></tr><tr><td>Glass cylinder</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>100 cm tall, 40 cm in diameter, and 40 cm deep cylinder used for carrying out the forced swim test</td></tr><tr><td>Paper towels</td><td>Pharmacy</td><td>-</td><td>Dry towels used for keeping rats dry after immersing them in water</td></tr><tr><td>Bold markers</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Common bold markers used for labeling rats</td></tr></tbody></table>

a new method for inducing a depression-like behavior in rats

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression.
Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with na&#239;ve rats from the contagion group (1 na&#239;ve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and na&#239;ve rats.
This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test.
A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, na&#239;ve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.

The sucrose preference test: After exposing rats to 5 weeks of CUS for induction of depression, and then subsequently exposing healthy rats to the CUS-exposed rats for a further 5 weeks, both sets of rats displayed depressive-like behaviorsat the end of the experiment (Figure 2). The evidence of this behavior was seen in the reduced preference for sucrose by the depressed rats, after CUS (65 ± 2.8%, p &lt; 0.001, Figure 2), when compared to the ...

This protocol describes a new model by which healthy rats could contract depression over a given time periodthrough contagion by exposure to chronic unpredictable stressed (CUS) rats.

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

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Behavior

This video demonstrates the method of inducing chronic stress in a mouse through repeated immobilization, leading to corticosterone release and reduced glutamate receptor activity in neurons, which results in depression-like behavior.

Inducing Depression-like Behavior in a Mouse via Immobilization Stress

Source: Rich, M. T., et al. Using Optogenetics to Reverse Neuroplasticity and Inhibit Cocaine Seeking in Rats. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the use of optogenetics to induce long-term depression (LTD) at medial geniculate nucleus to lateral amygdala (MGN-LA) synapses, weakening cue-induced narcotic-seeking behavior in a rat model. The rat, surgically implanted with optical fibers and virally transduced to express light-sensitive ion channels, undergoes optogenetic stimulation with...

Optogenetic Induction of Long-Term Depression for Suppressing Narcotic-Seeking Behavior in Rats

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

Here we present the unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol in mice. This protocol induces a long-term depressive-like phenotype and enables to assess the efficacy of putative antidepressants in reversing the behavioral and neuromolecular depressive-like deficits.

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

Here we present a protocol to induce post-stroke depression in rats by occluding the middle cerebral artery via the internal carotid artery. We use the Porsolt forced swim test and the sucrose preference test to confirm and evaluate induced depressive moods.

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

This article provides a simplified and standardized protocol for induction of depressive-like behavior in chronically immobilized mice by using a restrainer. In addition, behavior and physiological techniques to verify induction of depression are explained.

A Chronic Immobilization Stress Protocol for Inducing Depression-Like Behavior in Mice

Presented here is a protocol to study depression-like and anhedonic behavior in rats. It combines two well-established behavioral methods, the sucrose preference and novelty-induced hypophagia tests, with an automated food and liquid intake monitoring system, to indirectly investigate rodent behavior using surrogate parameters.

Sucrose Preference and Novelty-Induced Hypophagia Tests in Rats using an Automated Food Intake Monitoring System

This protocol describes a method of examining social hierarchy in a rat model. Rats perform a complex diving-for-food task in which they form a distinct hierarchy according to their willingness to dive underwater and swim to obtain a food pellet. This method is used to understand decision making and social relationships among highly social animals in small groups.

A Complex Diving-For-Food Task to Investigate Social Organization and Interactions in Rats

The chronic despair mouse model (CDM) of depression consists of repetitive forced swim sessions and another delayed swim phase as a read-out. It represents a suitable model for induction of a chronic depressive-like state stable for at least 4 weeks, amendable to evaluate subchronic and acute treatment interventions.

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

This protocol outlines a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model for depression based on Mongolian medical theory, along with methods for validating behavioral tests.

Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rats based on the Mongolian medicine

This article presents a protocol for the induction of a unique rat model of bipolar disorder that captures both mania-like and depressive-like behavior.

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Learn a novel method for inducing depression-like behavior in rats using chronic unpredictable stress and cohabitation protocols. This technique enables researchers to study contagious depression mechanisms and potential interventions.

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

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