Name: An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2018-07-13T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 28 s
Description: Learn an efficient method for selective desalination of radioactive iodine anions using gold nanoparticles-embedded membrane filters. This technique enables rapid removal of radioactive elements from aqueous solutions through simple filtration.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

This work was supported by the research grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant number: 2017M2A2A6A01070858).

1. Synthesis of Citrate-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles
<ol>
	<li>Wash a two-neck round-bottom flask (250 mL) and a magnetic stir bar with aqua regia, a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in a 3:1 volume ratio. 
	CAUTION: Aqua regia solution is extremely corrosive and may result in explosion or skin burns if not handled with extreme caution.</li>
	<li>Rinse the glassware thoroughly with deionized water to remove residual aqueous acid.</li>
	<li>Add 120 mL of chloroauric acid solution (HAuCl4, 1 mM) to the two-neck round-bottom flask (250 mL) and heat it to reflux under constant stirring.</li>
	<li>Add 12 mL of sodium citrate tribasic (35 mM) solution quickly to the two-neck round-bottom flask and reflux the resulting mixture for another 20 min for the complete reduction of the gold salt.</li>
	<li>Allow the colloidal suspension of nanoparticles (deep red) to cool down to room temperature.</li>
	<li>Measure the concentration of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with UV-vis spectroscopy at a wavelength of 520 nm (extinction coefficient of 2.8 x 108) using a quartz cuvette (1 cm path length).</li>
	<li>Add a single drop of AuNPs suspension onto a carbon-coated copper grid (400 mesh) and dry it at room temperature. Measure the size of AuNPs with transmission electron microscopy (TEM).</li>
	<li>Keep the colloidal gold nanoparticle suspension at 4 &#176;C.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of Hybrid Membrane (Au-CAM)
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of gold nanoparticles-embedded membrane filter using a syringe unit
	<ol>
		<li>Wash a cellulose acetate membrane (pore size: 0.45 &#956;m, diameter: 25 mm) supported by a filter unit with deionized water (10 mL) for three times.</li>
		<li>Withdraw 10 mL of citrate-stabilized AuNPs (10 nM) with a sterile syringe (20 mL) and add it slowly into a pre-washed cellulose acetate membrane filter (Figure 1).</li>
		<li>Wash the filter unit with 10 mL of deionized water three times to remove non-immobilized AuNPs. 
		&#8203;NOTE: AuNPs immobilized on the cellulose acetate membrane are highly stable, and thus Au-CAM can be stored under ambient condition for several weeks without the loss of their chemical properties or stability.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of gold nanoparticle membrane filter by the vacuum pump
	<ol>
		<li>Place the cellulose acetate membrane (pore size: 0.45 &#956;m, diameter: 47 mm) between a filter holder fritted glass support (diameter: 40 mm) and a graduated funnel (300 mL).</li>
		<li>Connect a combined unit of the fritted glass support and graduated funnel to a recover flask (500 mL) and a vacuum pump.</li>
		<li>Add 10 mL of citrate-stabilized AuNPs (10 nM) into the graduated funnel and then apply vacuum until all AuNPs are passed through the cellulose acetate membrane (approximately 20 s).</li>
		<li>Repeat the same procedure (step 2.2.3) on the other side of the membrane to immobilize AuNPs on both sides of the membrane.</li>
		<li>Analyze the surface of Au-CAM using scanning electron microscope (SEM) under the high-performance conditions with the accelerating voltages up to 15 kV (Figure 2d). 
		NOTE: To check the stability of nanoparticles on Au-CAM in a high salt condition, the composite membrane was immersed in 1.0 M NaCl solution for 2 h and then visual inspection was performed to confirm the stability of the Au-CAM.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Adsorption of Radioactive Iodine Using Au-CAM in a Batch System
<ol>
	<li>Dilute the radioactive iodine ([125I]NaI, 2.2 MBq) in 3 mL of pure water, 1.0 M NaCl, or 10 nM NaI and add each solution into a Petri dish (50 mm diameter &#215; 15 mm height). 
	CAUTION: The oxidized radioactive iodine can be volatile and must be handled with adequate lead shields and lead vials. All radiochemical steps should be performed in a well-ventilated charcoal-filtered hood, and the experimental procedures need to be monitored by radioactivity detectors.</li>
	<li>Place the Au-CAM which is prepared by using a vacuum filter into radioactive iodine solutions and shake them gently at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Withdraw 10 &#956;L of the radioactive iodine solution from the Petri dish at given time points (0, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120 min) and measure the radioactivity of the aliquot using automatic &#947;-counter.</li>
	<li>Rinse the Au-CAM with purified water after 120 min and then measure the amount of radioactivity captured on the membrane using automatic &#947;-counter (Figure 3).</li>
</ol>
4. Desalination of Radioactive Iodine under Continuous In-Flow Condition
<ol>
	<li>Removal of radioactive iodine anions (125I-) using an Au-CAM filter
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve the radioactive iodine (3.7 MBq) in 50 mL of pure water, PBS 1x, 1.0 M NaCl, 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M HCl, 10 mM CsCl, 10 mM SrCl2, synthetic urine, or sea water.</li>
		<li>Withdraw 50 mL of each solution with a sterile syringe (50 mL) and pass through the Au-CAM filter unit at an in-flow rate of about 1.5 mL/s using a syringe pump (Figure 1).</li>
		<li>Transfer 5 mL of the filtrate into a plastic vial for quantifying the radioactivity in the solution.</li>
		<li>Measure the amount of residual radioactivity in the filtrate solution using automatic &#947;-counter (Figure 4).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Reusability test of Au-CAM filter
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve the radioactive iodine in a synthetic urine or seawater (3.7 MBq/50 mL).</li>
		<li>Withdraw 50 mL of solution with a sterile syringe (50 mL) and add it into the Au-CAM filter unit at an in-flow rate of about 1.5 mL/s using a syringe pump.</li>
		<li>Repeat the same filtration procedure (step 4.2.2) for seven times using a single Au-CAM filter unit.</li>
		<li>Transfer 5 mL of the filtrate into a plastic vial for quantifying the radioactivity in the solution.</li>
		<li>Measure the amount of radioactivity in seven filtrate solutions by using automatic &#947;-counter.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Ojovan, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aOjovan%2C+MI+%22Handbook+of+Advanced+Radioactive+Waste+Conditioning+Technologies%22">Handbook of Advanced Radioactive Waste Conditioning Technologies</a>. , Woodhead Publishing Limited. Cambridge. (2011).</li>
<li>Abdel Rahman, R. O., Ibrahim, H. A., Hung, Y. -T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/3/2/551/htm">Liquid Radioactive Wastes Treatment: A Review.</a> Water. 3, 551-565 (2011).</li>
<li>Khayet, M., Matsuura, T. Radioactive decontamination of water. Desalination. 321, 1-2 (2013).</li>
<li>McLaughlin, P. D., Jones, B., Maher, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+update+on+radioactive+release+and+exposures+after+the+Fukushima+Dai-ichi+nuclear+disaster%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+British+Journal+of+Radiolog%22%5BJournal%5D)">An update on radioactive release and exposures after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear disaster.</a> The British Journal of Radiolog. 85, 1222-1225 (2012).</li>
<li>Chernobyl Forum Expert Group 'Environment'. <a target="_blank" href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/books/iaeabooks/7382/Environmental-Consequences-of-the-Chernobyl-Accident-and-their-Remediation-Twenty-Years-of-Experience">Environmental Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident and their Remediation: Twenty Years of Experience.</a> International Atomic Energy Agency. , Vienna. (2006).</li>
<li>Hou, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Iodine-129+in+seawater+offshore+Fukushima%3A+distribution%2C+inorganic+speciation%2C+sources%2C+and+budget%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environmental+Science+%26+Technology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Iodine-129 in seawater offshore Fukushima: distribution, inorganic speciation, sources, and budget.</a> Environmental Science & Technology. 47, 3091-3098 (2013).</li>
<li>Mu, W., Yu, Q., Li, X., Wei, H., Jian, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/ra/c6ra18091d#!divAbstract">Adsorption of radioactive iodine on surfactant-modified sodium niobate.</a> RSC Advances. 6, 81719-81725 (2016).</li>
<li>Yang, D., Liu, H., Liu, L., Sarina, S., Zheng, Z., Zhu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Silver+oxide+nanocrystals+anchored+on+titanate+nanotubes+and+nanofibers%3A+promising+candidates+for+entrapment+of+radioactive+iodine+anions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nanoscale%22%5BJournal%5D)">Silver oxide nanocrystals anchored on titanate nanotubes and nanofibers: promising candidates for entrapment of radioactive iodine anions.</a> Nanoscale. 5, 11011-11018 (2013).</li>
<li>Yang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Capture+of+radioactive+cesium+and+iodide+ions+from+water+by+using+titanate+nanofibers+and+nanotubes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition%22%5BJournal%5D)">Capture of radioactive cesium and iodide ions from water by using titanate nanofibers and nanotubes.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50, 10594-10598 (2011).</li>
<li>Cheng, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:46031015">Adsorption of gaseous radioactive iodine by Ag/13X zeolite at high temperatures.</a> Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 303, 1883-1889 (2015).</li>
<li>Bennett, T. D., Saines, P. J., Keen, D. A., -C, T. anJ., Cheetham, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Ball-Milling-Induced+Amorphization+of+Zeolitic+Imidazolate+Frameworks+%28ZIFs%29+for+the+Irreversible+Trapping+of+Iodine%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Ball-Milling-Induced Amorphization of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) for the Irreversible Trapping of Iodine.</a> Chemistry - A European Journal. 19, 7049-7055 (2013).</li>
<li>Huang, P. S., Kuo, C. H., Hsieh, C. C., Horng, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Selective+capture+of+volatile+iodine+using+amorphous+molecular+organic+solids%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Communications%22%5BJournal%5D)">Selective capture of volatile iodine using amorphous molecular organic solids.</a> Chemical Communications. 48, 3227-3229 (2012).</li>
<li>Chapman, K. W., Chupas, P. J., Nenoff, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Radioactive+Iodine+Capture+in+Silver-Containing+Mordenites+through+Nanoscale+Silver+Iodide+Formation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society%22%5BJournal%5D)">Radioactive Iodine Capture in Silver-Containing Mordenites through Nanoscale Silver Iodide Formation.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132, 8897-8899 (2010).</li>
<li>Watanabe, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Novel+Long-Term+Immobilization+Method+for+Radioactive+Iodine-129+Using+a+Zeolite%2FApatite+Composite+Sintered+Body%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22ACS+Applied+Materials+%26+Interfaces%22%5BJournal%5D)">Novel Long-Term Immobilization Method for Radioactive Iodine-129 Using a Zeolite/Apatite Composite Sintered Body.</a> ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 1, 1579-1584 (2009).</li>
<li>Massasso, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Molecular+iodine+adsorption+within+Hofmann-type+structures+M%28L%29%5BM%27%28CN%294%5D+%28M+%3D+Ni%2C+Co%3B+M%27+%3D+Ni%2C+Pd%2C+Pt%29%3A+impact+of+their+composition%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Dalton+Transactions%22%5BJournal%5D)">Molecular iodine adsorption within Hofmann-type structures M(L)[M'(CN)4] (M = Ni, Co; M' = Ni, Pd, Pt): impact of their composition.</a> Dalton Transactions. 44, 19357-19369 (2015).</li>
<li>Falaise, C., Volkringer, C., Facqueur, J., Bousquet, T., Gasnot, L., Loiseau, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Capture+of+iodine+in+highly+stable+metal-organic+frameworks%3A+a+systematic+study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Communications%22%5BJournal%5D)">Capture of iodine in highly stable metal-organic frameworks: a systematic study.</a> Chemical Communications. 49, 10320-10322 (2013).</li>
<li>Sava, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Capture+of+Volatile+Iodine%2C+a+Gaseous+Fission+Product%2C+by+Zeolitic+Imidazolate+Framework-8%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society%22%5BJournal%5D)">Capture of Volatile Iodine, a Gaseous Fission Product, by Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133, 12398-12401 (2011).</li>
<li>Zhang, Z. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+new+type+of+polyhedron-based+metal-organic+frameworks+with+interpenetrating+cationic+and+anionic+nets+demonstrating+ion+exchange%2C+adsorption+and+luminescent+properties%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Communications%22%5BJournal%5D)">A new type of polyhedron-based metal-organic frameworks with interpenetrating cationic and anionic nets demonstrating ion exchange, adsorption and luminescent properties.</a> Chemical Communications. 47, 6425-6427 (2011).</li>
<li>Li, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/gc/c5gc02691a#!divAbstract">Highly efficient I2 capture by simple and low-cost deep eutectic solvents.</a> Green Chemistry. 18, 2522-2527 (2016).</li>
<li>Yan, C., Mu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Investigation+of+ionic+liquids+for+efficient+removal+and+reliable+storage+of+radioactive+iodine%3A+a+halogen-bonding+case%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Investigation of ionic liquids for efficient removal and reliable storage of radioactive iodine: a halogen-bonding case.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 16, 5071-5075 (2014).</li>
<li>Choi, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Efficient+bioremediation+of+radioactive+iodine+using+biogenic+gold+nanomaterial-containing+radiation-resistant+bacterium%2C+Deinococcus+radiodurans+R1%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Communications%22%5BJournal%5D)">Efficient bioremediation of radioactive iodine using biogenic gold nanomaterial-containing radiation-resistant bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans R1.</a> Chemical Communications. 53, 3937-3940 (2017).</li>
<li>Kim, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Tumor+targeting+and+imaging+using+cyclic+RGD-PEGylated+gold+nanoparticle+probes+with+directly+conjugated+iodine-125%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Small%22%5BJournal%5D)">Tumor targeting and imaging using cyclic RGD-PEGylated gold nanoparticle probes with directly conjugated iodine-125.</a> Small. 7, 2052-2060 (2011).</li>
<li>Choi, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Gold-Nanoparticle-Immobilized+Desalting+Columns+for+Highly+Efficient+and+Specific+Removal+of+Radioactive+Iodine+in+Aqueous+Media%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22ACS+Applied+Materials+%26+Interfaces%22%5BJournal%5D)">Gold-Nanoparticle-Immobilized Desalting Columns for Highly Efficient and Specific Removal of Radioactive Iodine in Aqueous Media.</a> ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 8, 29227-29231 (2016).</li>
<li>Mushtaq, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/en/c7en00759k#!divAbstract">Efficient and selective removal of radioactive iodine anions using engineered nanocomposite membranes.</a> Environmental Science: Nano. 4, 2157-2163 (2017).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R., Ismael, M. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400514002032">Efficient gold(III) detection, separation and recovery from urban mining waste using a facial conjugate adsorbent.</a> Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 196, 457-466 (2014).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R., Hasan, M. M., Naushad, M., Shiwaku, H., Yaita, T. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400514015986">Preparation of new class composite adsorbent for enhanced palladium(II) detection and recovery.</a> Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 209, 790-797 (2015).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R., Hasan, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X14001671">Fine-tuning mesoporous adsorbent for simultaneous ultra-trace palladium(II) detection, separation and recovery.</a> Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 21, 507-515 (2015).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894716308464">Ring size dependent crown ether based mesoporous adsorbent for high cesium adsorption from wastewater.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 303, 539-546 (2016).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R., Miyazaki, Y., Taguchi, T., Shiwaku, H., Yaita, T. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894716300778">Encapsulation of cesium from contaminated water with highly selective facial organic-inorganic mesoporous hybrid adsorbent.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 291, 128-137 (2016).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R., Yaita, T., Taguchi, T., Shiwaku, H., Suzuki, S., Okamoto, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Selective+cesium+removal+from+radioactive+liquid+waste+by+crown+ether+immobilized+new+class+conjugate+adsorbent%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials%22%5BJournal%5D)">Selective cesium removal from radioactive liquid waste by crown ether immobilized new class conjugate adsorbent.</a> Journal of Hazardous Materials. 278, 227-235 (2014).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R., Suzuki, S., Taguchi, T., Shiwaku, H., Okamoto, Y., Yaita, T. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894713016537">Radioactive cesium removal from nuclear wastewater by novel inorganic and conjugate adsorbents.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 242, 127-135 (2014).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894718303267">Efficient detection and adsorption of cadmium (II) ions using innovative nano-composite materials.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 343, 118-127 (2018).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894716310567">New type mesoporous conjugate material for selective optical copper(II) ions monitoring & removal from polluted waters.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 307, 85-94 (2017).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894716311901">Novel nanocomposite materials for efficient and selective mercury ions capturing from wastewater.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 307, 456-465 (2017).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894716305216">Solid phase sensitive palladium(II) ions detection and recovery using ligand based efficient conjugate nanomaterials.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 300, 264-272 (2016).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894715017507">Assessing of lead(III) capturing from contaminated wastewater using ligand doped conjugate adsorbent.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 289, 65-73 (2016).</li>
<li>Awual, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894714017173">A novel facial composite adsorbent for enhanced copper (II) detection and removal from wastewater.</a> Chemical Engineering Journal. 266, 368-375 (2015).</li>
<li>Kaushik, M., Moores, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/gc/c5gc02500a#!divAbstract">Review: nanocelluloses as versatile supports for metal nanoparticles and their applications in catalysis.</a> Green Chemistry. 18, 622-637 (2016).</li>
<li>Jang, H., Kim, Y. K., Ryoo, S. R., Kim, M. H., Min, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Facile+synthesis+of+robust+and+biocompatible+gold+nanoparticles%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemical+Communication%22%5BJournal%5D)">Facile synthesis of robust and biocompatible gold nanoparticles.</a> Chemical Communication. 46, 583-585 (2010).</li>
<li>Bolisetty, S., Mezzenga, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Amyloid-carbon+hybrid+membranes+for+universal+water+purification%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Nanotechnology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Amyloid-carbon hybrid membranes for universal water purification.</a> Nature Nanotechnology. 11, 365-371 (2016).</li>
<li>Zakrzewska-Trznadel, G. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916413000969">Advances in membrane technologies for the treatment of liquid radioactive waste.</a> Desalination. 321, 119-130 (2013).</li>
<li>Rana, D., Matsuura, T., Kassim, M. A., Ismail, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916412006029">Radioactive decontamination of water by membrane processes - A review.</a> Desalination. 321, 77-92 (2013).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

In recent year, various engineered nanomaterials and membranes have been developed to remove hazardous radioactive metals and heavy metals in water based on their specific functionality in adsorption techniques25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,<sup class="...

For several decades, huge amount of radioactive liquid wastes has been generated by medical institutes, research facilities, and nuclear reactors. These pollutants have often been a palpable threat to environment and human health1,2,3. Especially, radioactive iodine is recognized as one of the most hazardous elements from nuclear plant accidents. For example, an environmental report on the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear reactor demonstrated that the amount of released radioactive iodines including 131I (t1/2 = 8.02 days) and 129I (t1/2 = 15.7 million years) to the environment was larger than those of other radionuclides4,5. In particular, the exposure of these radioisotopes resulted in high uptake and enrichment in human thyroid6. Moreover, released radioactive iodines can cause severe contamination of soil, seawater and ground water owing to their high solubility in water. Therefore, a lot of remediation processes using various inorganic and organic adsorbents have been investigated to capture radioactive iodines in aqueous wastes7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20. Although extensive efforts have been devoted for the development of advanced adsorbent systems, the establishment of a decontamination method showing satisfactory performances under continuous in-flow condition was very limited. Recently, we reported a novel desalination process showing good removal efficiency, ion-selectivity, sustainability, and reusability by using hybrid nano-composite materials made of gold nanoparticle (AuNPs)21,22,23. Among them, gold nanoparticle-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (Au-CAM) facilitated highly efficient desalination of iodide ions under a continuous-flow system compared with those of existing adsorbent materials. Moreover, the whole procedure could be finished in a short time, which was another advantage for the treatment of nuclear wastes generated from post-use in medical and industrial applications. The overall goal of this manuscript is to provide a step-by-step protocol for the preparation of Au-CAM24. We also demonstrate a rapid and convenient filtration process for ion-selective capture of radioactive iodine using the engineered composite membranes. The detailed protocol in this report will offer a useful application of nanomaterials in the research field of environmental science.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>DUKSAN</td><td>1129</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitric acid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>JUNSEI</td><td>37335-1250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroautic chloride trihydrate (HAuCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;3H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>254169</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>71402</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>[&lt;sup&gt;125&lt;/sup&gt;I]NaI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Perkin-Elmer</td><td>NEZ033A010MC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S9888</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium iodide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>383112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S5881</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lithium L-lactate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L2250</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Citric acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C1909</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydrogen carbonate</td><td>JUNSEI</td><td>43305-1250</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Urea</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>U1250</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>JUNSEI</td><td>18230-0301</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate</td><td>SAMCHUN</td><td>M0146</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium dihydrogen phosphate</td><td>JUNSEI</td><td>84185A1250</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate</td><td>JUNSEI</td><td>84120-1250</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium sulfate</td><td>JUNSEI</td><td>83260-1250</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium chloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A9434</td><td>Synthetic urine</td></tr><tr><td>Sea water</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S9148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1x PBS</td><td>Thermo</td><td>SH30256.01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellulose acetate membranes (pore size: 0.20 &amp;mu;m, diameter: 25 mm)</td><td>Advantec MFS</td><td>25CS045AS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellulose acetate membranes (pore size: 0.20 &amp;mu;m, diameter: 47 mm)</td><td>Advantec MFS</td><td>C045A047A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>47 mm Glass Microanalysis Holders</td><td>Advantec MFS</td><td>KG47(311400)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish (50 mm diameter &amp;acute; 15 mm height)</td><td>SPL</td><td>10050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gamma counter</td><td>Perkin-Elmer</td><td>2480 WIZARD&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>Model number</td></tr><tr><td>UV-vis spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo</td><td>GENESYS 10</td><td>Model number</td></tr><tr><td>Transmission electron microscopy</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>H-7650</td><td>Model number</td></tr><tr><td>Field Emission Scanning electron microscope</td><td>FEI</td><td>Verios 460L</td><td>Model number</td></tr></tbody></table>

an efficient method for selective desalination of radioactive iodine anions by using gold nanoparticles-embedded membrane filter

An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter

Here, we demonstrate a detail protocol for the preparation of nanomaterials-embedded composite membranes and its application to the efficient and ion-selective removal of radioactive iodines. By using citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles (mean diameter: 13 nm) and cellulose acetate membranes, gold nanoparticle-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (Au-CAM) have easily been fabricated. The nano-adsorbents on Au-CAM were highly stable in the presence of high concentration of inorganic salts and organic molecules. The iodide ions in aqueous solutions could rapidly be captured by this engineered membrane. Through a filtration process using an Au-CAM containing filter unit, excellent removal efficiency (&gt;99%) as well as ion-selective desalination result was achieved in a short time. Moreover, Au-CAM provided good reusability without significant decrease of its performances. These results suggested that the present technology using the engineered hybrid membrane will be a promising process for the large-scale decontamination of radioactive iodine from liquid wastes.

We have demonstrated simple methods for the fabrication of Au-CAM using citrate-stabilized AuNPs and cellulose acetate membrane (Figure 1a). The surface of Au-CAM was observed by SEM which showed that the nanomaterials were incorporated stably on the cellulose nanofibers (Figure 2). The nanoparticles incarcerated on the membrane were sustained stably and were not released from the membrane by continual washing wi...

An efficient method for the rapid and ion-selective desalination of radioactive iodine in several aqueous solutions is described by using gold nanoparticles-immobilized cellulose acetate membrane filters.

Here, we demonstrate a detail protocol for the preparation of nanomaterials-embedded composite membranes and its application to the efficient and ...

an-efficient-method-for-selective-desalination-radioactive-iodine

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFU) is a recirculation method used for the weight-based separation of biosamples. TFU was adapted to size-select (1-20 nm diameter) and highly concentrate a large volume of polydisperse silver nanoparticles (4 L of 15.2 μg ml-1 down to 4 ml of 8,539.9 μg ml-1) with minimal aggregation.

Tangential Flow Ultrafiltration: A  &ldquo;Green&rdquo; Method for the Size Selection and Concentration of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles

A protocol for the diastereoselective one-pot preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines is described. The generation of diiodomethyllithium, addition to N-Ts aldimines and cyclization of the amino gem-diiodide intermediate to iodoaziridines is demonstrated. Also included is a protocol to rapidly and quantitatively assess the most appropriate stationary phase for purification by chromatography.

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

A procedure for fabrication and performing the filter-based surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) assay for the detection of chemical contaminants (i.e., pesticide ferbam and antibiotic ampicillin) is presented.

A Filter-based Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Assay for Rapid Detection of Chemical Contaminants

A protocol for in situ aqueous synthesis of a bis(iminoguanidinium) ligand and its utilization in selective separation of sulfate is presented.

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

A detailed procedure for the synthesis of a 125I-labeled azide and the radiolabeling of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-group-conjugated, 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles using a copper-free click reaction is described.

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

Herein, detailed protocols for the oxidative iodination of terminal alkynes using hypervalent-iodine reagents are presented, which chemoselectively afford 1-iodoalkynes, 1,2-diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-triiodoalkenes.

Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

In this work, we prepared an adsorbent composed of the cationic N,N-dimethylamino propylacrylamide methyl chloride quaternary (DMAPAAQ) polymer gel and iron hydroxide for adsorbing arsenic from groundwater. The gel was prepared via a novel method designed to ensure the maximum content of iron particles in its structure.

Removal of Arsenic Using a Cationic Polymer Gel Impregnated with Iron Hydroxide

A protocol for the rational design of a dual-functional electroactive filter consisting of carbon nanotubes and titanate nanowires is reported and their environmental applications towards Sb(III) oxidation and sequestration is presented.

A Dual-Functional Electroactive Filter Towards Simultaneously Sb(III) Oxidation and Sequestration

We demonstrate the fabrication of a reverse electrodialysis device using a cation-exchange membrane (CEM) and anion-exchange membrane (AEM) for power generation.

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device

Here we provide a detailed procedure for production, purification, and quantification of high-titer recombinant Newcastle disease virus. This protocol consistently yields &gt; 6 × 109 plaque-forming units/mL, providing virus quantities appropriate for in vivo animal studies. Additional quality control assays to ensure safety in vivo are described.

Production of High-Titer Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from Allantoic Fluid

Adeno-associated virus is produced in suspension cell culture and purified by double iodixanol density gradient centrifugation. Steps are included to increase total virus yield, decrease the risk of virus precipitation, and further concentrate the final virus product. Expected final titers reach 1012 viral particles/mL and are suitable for pre-clinical in vivo use.

Suspension Culture Production and Purification of Adeno-Associated Virus by Iodixanol Density Gradient Centrifugation for In Vivo Applications

Learn an efficient method for selective desalination of radioactive iodine anions using gold nanoparticles-embedded membrane filters. This technique enables rapid removal of radioactive elements from aqueous solutions through simple filtration.

An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter (Video) | JoVE Journal

An Efficient Method for Selective Desalination of Radioactive Iodine Anions by Using Gold Nanoparticles-Embedded Membrane Filter

Explore More Videos