Name: Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2018-09-21T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 38 s
Description: Learn to isolate and image Chlamydomonas centrioles in multiple orientations for super-resolution microscopy. This method enables precise protein localization within centriole structures for cell biology research.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

We thank Pierre G&#246;nczy and the BioImaging &amp; Optics Platform (BIOP) at &#201;cole Polytechnique F&#233;d&#233;rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, where the SIM images of the centrioles were acquired. Nikolai Klena and Davide Gambarotto are supported by the European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant (StG) 715289 (ACCENT) and Maeva Le Guennec, Paul Guichard, and Virginie Hamel by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) PP00P3_157517. Susanne Borgers is supported by the University of Geneva.

<ol><li>Bornens, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+centrosome+in+cells+and+organisms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">The centrosome in cells and organisms.</a> Science. 335 (6067), 422-426 (2012).</li>
<li>Nigg, E. A., Holland, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Once+and+only+once%3A+mechanisms+of+centriole+duplication+and+their+deregulation+in+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Reviews+Molecular+Cell+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Once and only once: mechanisms of centriole duplication and their deregulation in disease.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 19 (5), 297-312 (2018).</li>
<li>Nigg, E. A., Raff, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Centrioles%2C+centrosomes%2C+and+cilia+in+health+and+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">Centrioles, centrosomes, and cilia in health and disease.</a> Cell. 139 (4), 663-678 (2009).</li>
<li>Gönczy, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Towards+a+molecular+architecture+of+centriole+assembly%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Reviews+Molecular+Cell+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Towards a molecular architecture of centriole assembly.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 13 (7), 425-435 (2012).</li>
<li>Paintrand, M., Moudjou, M., Delacroix, H., Bornens, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Centrosome+organization+and+centriole+architecture%3A+their+sensitivity+to+divalent+cations%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Structural+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Centrosome organization and centriole architecture: their sensitivity to divalent cations.</a> Journal of Structural Biology. 108 (2), 107-128 (1992).</li>
<li>Winey, M., O'Toole, E. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113101/">Centriole structure.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 369 (1650), (2014).</li>
<li>Dippell, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+development+of+basal+bodies+in+paramecium%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America%22%5BJournal%5D)">The development of basal bodies in paramecium.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 61 (2), 461(1968).</li>
<li>Allen, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+morphogenesis+of+basal+bodies+and+accessory+structures+of+the+cortex+of+the+ciliated+protozoan+Tetrahymena+pyriformis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+Cell+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">The morphogenesis of basal bodies and accessory structures of the cortex of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 40 (3), 716-733 (1969).</li>
<li>Li, S., Fernandez, J. -J., Marshall, W. F., Agard, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Three-dimensional+structure+of+basal+body+triplet+revealed+by+electron+cryo-tomography%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+EMBO+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Three-dimensional structure of basal body triplet revealed by electron cryo-tomography.</a> The EMBO Journal. 31 (3), 552-562 (2012).</li>
<li>Guichard, P., Chrétien, D., Marco, S., Tassin, A. -M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Procentriole+assembly+revealed+by+cryo-electron+tomography%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+EMBO+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Procentriole assembly revealed by cryo-electron tomography.</a> The EMBO Journal. 29 (9), 1565-1572 (2010).</li>
<li>Guichard, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Native+architecture+of+the+centriole+proximal+region+reveals+features+underlying+its+9-fold+radial+symmetry%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Native architecture of the centriole proximal region reveals features underlying its 9-fold radial symmetry.</a> Current Biology. 23 (17), 1620-1628 (2013).</li>
<li>Hirono, M. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113102/">Cartwheel assembly.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 369 (1650), (2014).</li>
<li>Bornens, M., Paintrand, M., Berges, J., Marty, M. C., Karsenti, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structural+and+chemical+characterization+of+isolated+centrosomes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cell+Motility+and+the+Cytoskeleton%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structural and chemical characterization of isolated centrosomes.</a> Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 8 (3), 238-249 (1987).</li>
<li>Keller, L. C., Romijn, E. P., Zamora, I., Yates, J. R., Marshall, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Proteomic+analysis+of+isolated+chlamydomonas+centrioles+reveals+orthologs+of+ciliary-disease+genes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Proteomic analysis of isolated chlamydomonas centrioles reveals orthologs of ciliary-disease genes.</a> Current Biology. 15 (12), 1090-1098 (2005).</li>
<li>Kilburn, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((New+Tetrahymena+basal+body+protein+components+identify+basal+body+domain+structure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Journal+of+Cell+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">New Tetrahymena basal body protein components identify basal body domain structure.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 178 (6), 905-912 (2007).</li>
<li>Bauer, M., Cubizolles, F., Schmidt, A., Nigg, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+Quantitative+analysis+of+human+centrosome+architecture+by+targeted+proteomics+and+fluorescence+imaging%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+EMBO+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">A Quantitative analysis of human centrosome architecture by targeted proteomics and fluorescence imaging.</a> The EMBO Journal. 35 (19), 1-15 (2016).</li>
<li>Hamel, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Identification+of+Chlamydomonas+Central+Core+Centriolar+Proteins+Reveals+a+Role+for+Human+WDR90+in+Ciliogenesis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Identification of Chlamydomonas Central Core Centriolar Proteins Reveals a Role for Human WDR90 in Ciliogenesis.</a> Current Biology. 27 (16), 2486-2498 (2017).</li>
<li>Cavalier-Smith, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((basal+body+and+flagellar+development+during+the+vegetative+cell+cycle+and+the+sexual+cycle+of+Chlamydomonas+reinhardii%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Cell+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">basal body and flagellar development during the vegetative cell cycle and the sexual cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardii.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 16 (3), 529(1974).</li>
<li>Geimer, S., Melkonian, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+ultrastructure+of+the+Chlamydomonas+reinhardtii+basal+apparatus%3A+identification+of+an+early+marker+of+radial+asymmetry+inherent+in+the+basal+body%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Cell+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">The ultrastructure of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii basal apparatus: identification of an early marker of radial asymmetry inherent in the basal body.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 117, Pt 13 2663-2674 (2004).</li>
<li>Nakazawa, Y., Hiraki, M., Kamiya, R., Hirono, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((SAS-6+is+a+cartwheel+protein+that+establishes+the+9-fold+symmetry+of+the+centriole%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">SAS-6 is a cartwheel protein that establishes the 9-fold symmetry of the centriole.</a> Current Biology. 17 (24), 2169-2174 (2007).</li>
<li>Hamel, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Correlative+multicolor+3D+SIM+and+STORM+microscopy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biomedical+Optics+Express%22%5BJournal%5D)">Correlative multicolor 3D SIM and STORM microscopy.</a> Biomedical Optics Express. 5 (10), 3326(2014).</li>
<li>Guichard, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cell-free+reconstitution+reveals+centriole+cartwheel+assembly+mechanisms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Communications%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cell-free reconstitution reveals centriole cartwheel assembly mechanisms.</a> Nature Communications. 8, 14813(2017).</li>
<li>Hiraki, M., Nakazawa, Y., Kamiya, R., Hirono, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Bld10p+constitutes+the+cartwheel-spoke+tip+and+stabilizes+the+9-fold+symmetry+of+the+centriole%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Bld10p constitutes the cartwheel-spoke tip and stabilizes the 9-fold symmetry of the centriole.</a> Current Biology. 17 (20), 1778-1783 (2007).</li>
<li>Sahl, S. J., Hell, S. W., Jakobs, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Fluorescence+nanoscopy+in+cell+biology%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Reviews+Molecular+Cell+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Fluorescence nanoscopy in cell biology.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 18 (11), 685-701 (2017).</li>
<li>Hutner, S. H., Provasoli, L., Schatz, A., Haskins, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3143215.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Some Approaches to the Study of the Role of Metals in the Metabolism of Microorganisms.</a> Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 94 (2), 152-170 (1950).</li>
<li>Keller, L. C., Marshall, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Isolation+and+proteomic+analysis+of+chlamydomonas+centrioles%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+in+Molecular+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Isolation and proteomic analysis of chlamydomonas centrioles.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 432 (1), 289-300 (2008).</li>
<li>Borlinghaus, R. T., Kappel, C. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth.f.392">HyVolution-the smart path to confocal super-resolution.</a> Nature Methods. 13 (3), (2016).</li>
<li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((NIH+Image+to+ImageJ%3A+25+years+of+image+analysis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (7), 671-675 (2012).</li>
<li>de la Rosa-Trevín, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Scipion%3A+A+software+framework+toward+integration%2C+reproducibility+and+validation+in+3D+electron+microscopy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Structural+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Scipion: A software framework toward integration, reproducibility and validation in 3D electron microscopy.</a> Journal of Structural Biology. 195 (1), 93-99 (2016).</li>
<li>Gartenmann, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+combined+3D-SIM%2FSMLM+approach+allows+centriole+proteins+to+be+localized+with+a+precision+of+%E2%88%BC4-5+nm%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Current+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">A combined 3D-SIM/SMLM approach allows centriole proteins to be localized with a precision of ∼4-5 nm.</a> Current Biology. 27 (19), 1054-1055 (2017).</li>
<li>Jaenicke, L., Kuhne, W., Spessert, R., Wahle, U., Waffenschmidt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cell-wall+lytic+enzymes+%28autolysins%29+of+Chlamydomonas+reinhardtii+are+%28hydroxy%29proline-specific+proteases%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+Journal+of+Biochemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cell-wall lytic enzymes (autolysins) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are (hydroxy)proline-specific proteases.</a> European Journal of Biochemistry. 170 (1-2), 485-491 (1987).</li>
<li>Salas, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Angular+reconstitution-based+3D+reconstructions+of+nanomolecular+structures+from+superresolution+light-microscopy+images%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America%22%5BJournal%5D)">Angular reconstitution-based 3D reconstructions of nanomolecular structures from superresolution light-microscopy images.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (35), 9273-9278 (2017).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

One of the challenges in biology is to decipher the precise localization of proteins in an architectural context. The centriole is an ideal structure to apply these methods, as its architecture has been studied using cryo-electron tomography, revealing interesting ultrastructural features along its length. However, due to its dimensions close to the resolution limit in optical microscopy, it is difficult to precisely localize a protein by immunofluorescence to a structural sub-region of the centriole using conventional microscopes30.
The resolution in optical microscopy is limited by the diffraction of light that gives, roughly, a lateral maximum resolution of 200 nm in optical microscopy24. However, this limit has been by-passed by one of the major breakthroughs of the last 20 years in optical microscopy: the invention of super-resolution methods. These approaches can image beyond the diffraction limits at different resolutions: 120 nm for SIM, about 50 nm for stimulated emission depletion (STED), and 20&#8211;40 nm for single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM)24. With these new developments of super-resolution microscopy, the structural sub-regions of the centriole are attainable. However, in practice, it is still difficult to accurately determine the localization of a protein to a structural element for the main reason that the mature centrioles exist in only 2 copies per cell and have random orientations, which makes the interpretation of localization difficult. For this reason, a protocol was set up that allows researchers to image by super-resolution a large number of centrioles, increasing the chance to observe non-ambiguous orientations. Importantly, as this method relies on the use of isolated centrioles, we are providing a method to purify intact C. reinhardtii centrioles that contain mature centrioles and procentrioles.
Finally, owing to the range of centriole orientations that can be imaged with this protocol, single-particle analysis can be applied using electron microscopy software. This results in the generation of average classes of centrioles in a particular orientation. Importantly, these resulting 2-D images can then be used to assess the localization of a specific protein along the centriole. Indeed, this method can be applied to dual-color super-resolution images, and one color can be used to reveal the centriole skeleton (e.g., tubulin), while the other color can be attributed to a specific centriolar protein. By subtracting the averages obtained with one color or two colors, it becomes easier to register a protein along the centriole (proximal, central, or distal). Note that the two channels should be accurately aligned to prevent any misleading interpretations. Moreover, averages of top views will help decipher if a protein localizes inside the centriolar lumen, along the microtubule wall, or outside the centriole.
This method has the advantage to ascertain the localization of specific proteins that could be difficult to localize otherwise due to heterogeneous labeling. Note that other methods to map proteins within the centrioles have been described in correlative 3-D SIM/SMLM with, for instance, assessing the specific orientations of the centrioles by determining the elliptical profile of a marker forming a torus around the centriole by SIM imaging. Using this parameter, it is possible to localize protein with a precision of 4&#8211;5 nm30. Note also that the method described here uses isolated centrioles with intact procentrioles, a sign that the centriole architecture is most likely largely conserved. However, we cannot exclude that some architectural features are disturbed during purification, such as the centriole diameter varying with the concentration of divalent cations as amplified with the isolation of the human centrosome5.
One of the critical steps of the protocol presented here is to obtain sufficiently concentrated isolated centrioles in different orientations amenable to Fluo-SPA. To do so, first ensure the purity and the efficiency of the centriole isolation procedure. A low concentration of isolated centrioles will prevent proper imaging and further image processing. For this purpose, we are providing a method to enrich the number of centrioles per field of view. Depending on the number of centrioles in the fraction used, the volume loaded in the concentrator should be adjusted, with a maximum volume of 250 &#181;L.
Importantly, this method has been developed for a cell wall minus cw15- C. reinhardtii cells. In this strain, the fragility of the cell wall allows for a proper lysis of the cells and, thus, the liberation of its content. This protocol is not efficient for wild-type C. reinhardtii cells, as the cell wall prevents a proper lysis. Alternative strategies such as sonication or a pre-incubation of the cells with autolysin, an enzyme that can degrade the cell wall31, would have to be put in place to alter the cell wall prior to applying the isolation protocol presented here.
This set-up can be used with different types of microscopes, ranging from conventional confocal microscopes to high throughput dedicated super-resolution microscopes. Note that when doing SMLM, a special buffer is required for proper imaging and, thus, a chamber adapted for a 12 mm coverslip with the buffer on top of the coverslip should be used. Subsequent imaging will be performed with inverted microscopes. If the microscope set-up does not allow a 12 mm coverslip, the protocol presented here can be applied to 18 mm coverslips using a 30 mL round-bottom tube and a modified adaptor and concentrator. It is also important to note that the quality of the final reconstruction in SMLM will depend on the quality of the staining and of the primary antibody used, as well as the method of fixation.
In summary, we are providing a method that can be applied to image numerous centrioles followed by Fluo-SPA that will generate averages of centrioles in different orientations, thus helping to localize centriolar protein with precision. Importantly, this method can be applied more generally to isolated centrioles from other species, to other organelles, or to large macromolecular assemblies. Finally, the sample preparation approach presented here, combined with recent algorithm development for single-particle analysis of fluorescent SMLM data32, could open further improvement in the molecular cartography of large macromolecular assemblies.

The centriole is an evolutionarily conserved organelle that lies at the core of the centrosome in animal cells and can act as a basal body (referred to as centrioles hereafter) to template cilia or flagella in many eukaryotes1,2. As such, centrioles are critical for fundamental cell biological processes ranging from spindle assembly to cell signaling. Therefore, defects in centriole assembly or function have been associated with several human pathologies including ciliopathies and cancers3.
Centrioles are nine-fold, symmetrical, microtubule triplet-based cylindrical structures that are, typically, ~450 nm long and ~250 nm wide4,5,6,7. Conventional electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography of centrioles from different species have revealed that centrioles are polarized along their long axis with three distinct regions: a proximal region, a central core, and a distal region5,7,8,9,10,11. Importantly, each of these regions displays specific structural features. First, the lumen of the 100 nm-long proximal region contains the cartwheel structure connected to the microtubule triplet through the pinhead element12. Second, the 300&#8211;400 nm-long central region contains fibrous densities in the lumen and structural features along the inner face of the microtubules: the Y-shaped linker, the C-tubule tail, and the A-tubule stub9. Finally, the 50&#8211;100 nm distal region exhibits sub-distal and distal appendages that surround the distal part of the centriole5,13.
The last two decades have been marked by the discovery of an increasing number of centriolar proteins, leading to a current estimation of about 100 distinct proteins being part of the centriole14,15,16,17. Despite these advances, the precise localization of these proteins within the centriole remains elusive, particularly within structural sub-regions. Importantly, assigning a precise localization to structural regions of the centriole is crucial for a better understanding of their function. In this respect, C. reinhardtii centrioles have been instrumental in both aspects by first delimitating the different structural features along the cylinder9,18,19, which then allowed researchers to correlate the localization of a subset of proteins using fluorescent microscopy to a sub-structural region. This includes, for example, the proteins Bld12p and Bld10p, which localize in the proximal region, and in the cartwheel structure in particular20,21,22,23. The list of substructure localized proteins also includes POB15 and POC16, two novel proteins identified by mass spectrometry that decorate the inner central core region of C. reinhardtii centrioles17.
This paper provides a complete description of the method developed to isolate and image C. reinhardtii centrioles for subsequent super-resolution microscopy and single-particle averaging. To achieve this goal, it is important to delineate the technical limitations that need to be overcome. First, centriole purification can affect the overall architecture, with the cartwheel structure often being lost during the various steps of isolation9. Secondly, the dimensions of the centriole are very close to the diffraction limit in optical microscopy. Indeed, the lateral resolution that can be obtained in confocal microscopy is around 200 nm24, similar to the diameter of the centriole, and the resolution in the z-axis is about 2&#8211;3x lower, leading to an anisotropic volume. Thirdly, the heterogeneity of antibody labeling and centriole orientation could limit the interpretation needed to localize a protein in a specific centriolar sub-region. Finally, centrioles exist in only two copies per cell, making it difficult to acquire a large number of images and find an unambiguous centriole orientation. To circumvent these technical issues, we developed a method that relies on applying super-resolution microscopy on large numbers of isolated centrioles that adopt various orientations. We will first describe a protocol to purify C. reinhardtii centrioles that enables the purification of structurally intact centrioles and procentrioles containing the cartwheel. Then, we will describe a step-by-step protocol to concentrate the centrioles on coverslips for imaging by conventional or super-resolution fluorescent microscopy. This important step allows for increasing the number of centrioles imaged in multiple orientations. Finally, we will describe a procedure to perform single-particle averaging on data acquired on fluorescent microscopes that facilitates the detection of centrioles in different orientations. Altogether, this method can be applied to image centrioles from various species or other large macromolecular assemblies.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mouse monoclonal anti-apha tubulin (clone DM1A)</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab7291&amp;nbsp;</td><td>dilution 1:300</td></tr><tr><td>DNaseI</td><td>Roche</td><td>10104159001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12 mm coverslips</td><td>Roth</td><td>YX03.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>18 mm coverslips</td><td>Roth</td><td>LH23.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>K&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fluka</td><td>60355</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fluka</td><td>60230</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris base</td><td>Biosolve Chimie SARL</td><td>0020092391BS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>acetic acid</td><td>Carlo Erba Reagents</td><td>524520</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A-4514</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C-7902</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>63140-500G-F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>steritop filter</td><td>Millipore</td><td>SCGPT05RE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sucrose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7903-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>AppliChem PanReac</td><td>A3724,0250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PIPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6757-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>ACROS ORGANICS</td><td>197530010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NP-40</td><td>AppliChem PanReac</td><td>A1694,0250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Round-bottom (Kimble) tubes 15 mL</td><td>Fisherscientific</td><td>09-500-34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Round-bottom (Kimble) tubes 30 mL</td><td>Fisherscientific</td><td>09-500-37</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cover glass staining rack</td><td>Thomas scientific</td><td>8542E40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>crystal polystyrene transmission lab box</td><td>FISHERS</td><td>11712944</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>VWR</td><td>20864.32</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Roche</td><td>10735086001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X100</td><td>Roth</td><td>3051.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>goat anti-mouse coupled to Alexa 488&amp;nbsp;</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>A11029</td><td>dilution 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>goat anti-rabbit coupled to Alexa 568</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>A11036</td><td>dilution 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>mounting medium</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab188804</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tube, thinwall polypropylene</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>326823</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-D-Lysine 1 mg/mL</td><td>SIGMA&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A-003-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse monoclonal anti-Polyglutamylation modification mAb (GT335)</td><td>Adipogen</td><td>AG-20B-0020</td><td>dilution 1:1,000</td></tr><tr><td>glycerol mounting medium with DAPI and DABCO</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab188804</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL conical tubes</td><td>Falcon</td><td>14-432-22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf 5810R centrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5811000622</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beckman JS-13.1 swinging bucket rotor</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>346963</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beckman SW 32Ti rotor</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>369694</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>parafilm</td><td>Bemis&amp;nbsp;</td><td>13-374-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leica TCS SP8 with Hyvolution mode</td><td>Leica&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OSRAM L18W/954 LUMILUX&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Luxe Daylight/ OSRAM</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Whatman filter paper</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>WHA1001325</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CrSAS-6/Bld12 antibody</td><td></td><td></td><td>dilution 1:300 (Hamel &lt;em&gt;el al.&lt;/em&gt;, 2014)</td></tr><tr><td>Scipion</td><td>http://scipion.i2pc.es/</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EM CCD camera (Andor iXON DU897)</td><td>Andor</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and fluorescence imaging for single-particle reconstruction of chlamydomonas centrioles

Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles

Centrioles are large macromolecular assemblies important for the proper execution of fundamental cell biological processes such as cell division, cell motility, or cell signaling. The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has proven to be an insightful model in the study of centriole architecture, function, and protein composition. Despite great advances toward understanding centriolar architecture, one of the current challenges is to determine the precise localization of centriolar components within structural regions of the centriole in order to better understand their role in centriole biogenesis. A major limitation lies in the resolution of fluorescence microscopy, which complicates the interpretation of protein localization in this organelle with dimensions close to the diffraction limit. To tackle this question, we are providing a method to purify and image a large number of C. reinhardtii centrioles with different orientations using super-resolution microscopy. This technique allows further processing of data through fluorescent single-particle averaging (Fluo-SPA) owing to the large number of centrioles acquired. Fluo-SPA generates averages of stained C. reinhardtii centrioles in different orientations, thus facilitating the localization of distinct proteins in centriolar sub-regions. Importantly, this method can be applied to image centrioles from other species or other large macromolecular assemblies.

C. reinhardtii Centriole Isolation: 
To isolate centrioles, cw15- C. reinhardtii cells were grown in liquid culture for several days under light and subsequently pelleted by centrifugation at 600 x g for 10 min. Pelleted cells were washed 1x with PBS and resuspended in a deflagellation buffer prior to deflagellation by performing a pH shock using 0.5 M acetic acid to a final pH of 4.5–4.7 for 2 min (Figure 1A). An addition of 1 N KOH was used to restore pH to 7.0. To separate detached flagella from cell bodies, deflagellated cells were first centrifuged to remove the bulk of the flagella. The pellet was then washed 2x with PBS and resuspended in 30 mL of PBS prior to loading it slowly on a 25%-sucrose cushion (Figure 1B). The tube was spun at 600 x g for 15 min at 4 °C to remove most of the detached flagella. After centrifugation, the cell bodies were spread in the sucrose cushion (Figure 1C) and recovered by removing the approximately 30 mL of supernatant (until the red arrow in Figure 1C). The resulting 20 mL of washed cells were then resuspended in 20 mL of cold PBS and centrifuged at 600 x g for 10 min. Next, the supernatant was discarded, and the cells were completely resuspended in 10 mL of PBS. The cells were transferred to a 250 mL bottle and the lysis buffer was added to the resuspended cells at once. DNase was added to the lysis and incubated for 1 h at 4 °C. After a centrifugation step to remove cell debris (see the white pellet in Figure 1D), the supernatant was collected and carefully loaded onto a 2 mL 60%-sucrose cushion prior to centrifugation at 10,000 x g for 30 min at 4 °C. Note that for 100 mL of lysis, 8 tubes of 15 mL were used to perform this step, corresponding to 12.5 mL of lysis buffer loaded on 2 mL of sucrose per tube. After centrifugation, most of the supernatant was removed up to 1 mL above the cushion. The 1 mL of remaining supernatant was then collected with the 2 mL cushion and then mixed and pooled to obtain a final volume of 24 mL. The pool was then loaded on a 40%-, 50%-, 70%-sucrose gradient and spun at 68,320 x g for 1 h and 15 min at 4 °C. Finally, the isolated centrioles were collected by making a hole in the bottom part of the centrifugation tube using a needle and the drops were collected in 12 x 500 µL fractions. Due to the high density of the different sucrose, the drop formed very slowly at the beginning (70% sucrose) and then more rapidly (40% sucrose).
Immunofluorescence of Isolated Centrioles 
To assess the quality of the isolation procedure, 10 µL of each collected gradient fraction was then centrifuged onto a coverslip using a coverslip support adaptor (Figure 2A-2D). Importantly, to remove safely the coverslip, a custom hooked device was designed (Figure 2B). Next, the coverslips were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Antibodies against CrSAS-6(Bld12p) were used in this study to indicate the presence of the cartwheel structure and α-tubulin (DMA1) to highlight the centriolar wall. By counting the number of centrioles that were positive for both CrSAS-6 and α-tubulin per field of view and then calculating the total number of centrioles per fractions, it was possible to determine which fractions were enriched for isolated centrioles (Figure 2F-2H). Interestingly, 6 fractions were enriched for centrioles (Figure 2F and 2G, fractions #1–6), with a peak for fraction #3, while the last fractions were not, indicating that the purification worked. Note that in this particular experiment, 95% of the total centrioles were positive for CrSAS-6 and α-tubulin in fraction #3. This indicates that most isolated centrioles retained their cartwheels. If no enrichment of centrioles is observed in the first fractions, the isolation procedure did not work and should be repeated. Note that some flagellar pieces can be observed mostly in the fractions devoid of centrioles.
Next, to calculate the total number of centrioles per µL, the number of centriole per field of view should be multiplied by the ratio as presented in Figure 2H. The resulting number should then be divided by the volume of the fraction used for the immunofluorescence to obtain the number of centrioles per µL. In this particular isolation procedure, the most enriched fraction contained about 37 centrioles for an area of 0.00846 mm2 (with a field of view of 92 x 92 µm2). The surface of the tube section was 7.5 mm in radius with a total surface of 176 mm2. The corresponding ratio was then 176/0.00846 = 20,803.8, so a total of 769,740 centrioles (37x20,803.8) in 10 µL. Therefore, the number of centrioles in 1 µL was 76,974.
Concentration of Isolated Centrioles on Coverslips: 
Increasing the number of centrioles per field increases the chance of detecting unambiguous centriole orientation, as well as increasing the chance of detecting similar orientations that can be used for further particle averaging procedures. As centrioles from the concentrated fractions are still sparse on the coverslip, we developed a centrifugation accessory to concentrate centrioles in the middle of the coverslip (Figure 3A) named a concentrator. Note that a .stl file with the precise measures for 3-D printing is provided with this manuscript.
First, one coverslip of 12 mm was mounted on the concentrator (Figure 3B). The adaptor was placed on top of the coverslip and the round-bottom tube was inverted and placed over the assembled adaptor and concentrator. The round-bottom tube was then gently inverted, thus allowing the loading of the sample (Protocol step 4.2). The centrioles were then centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. After that, the centrioles were subjected to immunofluorescence and stained for CrSAS-6/Bld12p and α-tubulin (Figure 3C-3E). Importantly, without concentrator, about 30 centrioles were seen per field of view (Figure 3C), whereas 183 centrioles were seen per field of view when the concentrator was used (Figure 3D-3F). Note that the centrioles covered only a disk of 4 mm in diameter in the middle of the coverslip. This result demonstrates that the concentration step works and allows a 6-fold enrichment of centrioles in a defined region of the coverslips, thus easing their detection and imaging.
Fluorescent Single-particle Averaging of Isolated C. reinhardtii Centrioles: 
Here, using SIM microscopy that can reach a resolution of about 120 nm, centrioles stained for monoglutamylated tubulin (GT335, Figure 4), a tubulin modification present in centriolar microtubules, were imaged24. C. reinhardtii centrioles are about 500 nm long, always in pairs, and often found with associated, newly duplicated probasal bodies (referred to as procentrioles hereafter) and striated microtubule-associated fibers19. Therefore, this final assembly was about 1 µm large. For this reason, and in order to image the centrioles in their entirety, we recommend acquiring a Z-stack on the isolated centrioles.
Here, after the acquisition, a final image was generated by performing a maximum intensity projection using ImageJ28 (image/Stacks/Z project/max intensity projection, Figure 4B). From such images, a single-particle analysis using cryo-electron microscopy software was performed to make classes of centrioles with similar orientations, and then averaging was performed. To do so, the image color was first inverted so as to better visualize the objects (Figure 4C). Centrioles were picked manually in a box centered over each particle using the freely available Scipion software29 that integrates several electron microscopy software programs such as Xmipp3 (Figure 4D). Note that the size of the box has to be defined by the user. Here, boxes of 50 x 50 pixels for a pixel size of 31.84 nm were used. Next, all particles were extracted (Figure 4E) and aligned using Xmipp3 (Figure 4F). Next, a circular mask of 12 pixels in radius was applied to isolate each centriole from the centriolar-pair (Figure 4G). The particles were then classified, using Xmipp3, to generate several averages. Only homogenous class averages were kept, meaning that particles that diverge from the class averages were manually excluded. This step was repeated in order to generate a near-perfect average for each chosen orientation. After five iterations, two classes of averages were generated: a top view from 63 objects (Figure 4H) and a side view from 98 particles (Figure 4I) of monoglutamylated centrioles. The dimensions of the object were determined by measuring the distance between peaks of the intensity plot profile along the monoglutamylation signal.
Importantly, the length of the side-view class average is 260 nm with a diameter of 250 nm, comparable to the measured monoglutamylated tubulin signal that was shown to localize to a region of 286 ± 33 nm in length within the core of the centriole17.
<img alt="Centrifugation process diagram for protein purification using sucrose gradient; method and results." class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58109/58109fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
Figure 1: Purification of C. reinhardtii centrioles. (A) This is a schematic representation of each step leading to the isolation of C. reinhardtii centrioles. It includes representative steps of the protocol (B) before and (C) after centrifugation onto the 25%-sucrose gradient. The red arrow in panel C indicates the minimum volume to keep after centrifugation. (D) This panel shows the white pellet of lysed cells after centrifugation. The black arrow indicates the pellet. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58109/58109fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Centrifugation process diagram and results; gradient quantification chart; microscopy setup." class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58109/58109fig2.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 2"> 
Figure 2: Centrifugation set-up to perform immunofluorescence on isolated centrioles. (A) 10 µL of each collected fraction is diluted first in 100 µL of 10mM K-PIPES (pH 7.2). (B) This is a schematic representation of the centrifugation devices, encompassing a 15 mL round-bottom tube, a 12 mm coverslip, an adaptor for the coverslip, and a custom-made hooked device to recover the coverslip after centrifugation. Panels C and D show drawings explaining how to recover the coverslip after centrifugation. (C) Place the hooked tool into the hole present in the slotted edge of the adaptor and (D) gently pull. (E) These are pictures of the humid chamber needed to perform immunofluorescence imaging. The arrow indicates the 12 mm coverslip. (F) These are representative confocal images at 63X (zoom 2) of gradient fractions #1-8, collected during the purification procedure and stained for CrSAS-6 (red) and α-tubulin (green). The insets correspond to the region indicated by a white box in the lower magnification views. Scale bar = 10 µm. (G) This is a graph representing the number of centrioles positive for both CrSAS-6 and α-tubulin per field of view in each fraction. Note the enrichment in fractions #1-6. The average number of centrioles per field in each fraction: #1 = 16.3 ± 4.7, #2 = 24.0 ± 4.6, #3 = 37.0 ± 17.0, #4 = 23.3 ± 11.4, #5 = 14.3 ± 2.1, #6 = 13.7 ± 9.3, #7 = 2.7 ± 1.2, #8 = 1.0 ± 0.0, #9 = 1.0 ± 0.0, #10 = 0.0 ± 0.0, #11 = 0.3 ± 0.6, #12 = 0.0 ± 0.0. For each fraction, 3 random fields were imaged. Note that, when counting the most enriched fraction #3, we found that 95% of the centrioles are positive for CrSAS-6 and α-tubulin (n = 205 centrioles). (H) A ratio of the number of centrioles present in the measured area of the micrographs is used to calculate the total number of centrioles present in the area of the tube. The centriole number per µL can be calculated from the 10 µL originally centrifuged fractions. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58109/58109fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Centrifuge diagram with concentrator setup, microscopy images, protein analysis, and data chart." class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58109/58109fig3.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 3"> 
Figure 3: Isolated centrioles are centrifuged using concentrators. (A) This panel shows the centrifugation devices needed to concentrate centrioles onto coverslips prior to immunofluorescence, including a 15 mL round-bottom tube, a concentrator, a 12 mm coverslip, and a support adaptor apparatus. (B) This panel shows the steps to assemble the centrifugation device. Panels C-E show confocal images of centrioles stained for CrSAS-6 (red) and α-tubulin (green) (C) without or (D-E) with the concentrator. The insets correspond to the region indicated by a white box in the lower magnification views. The scale bar is 10 µm. Note that centrioles are enriched in the middle of the coverslip (the dotted line represents the border of the concentrated area). (F) This graph represents the number of centrioles per field of view without and with the concentrator. Five random fields of view were analyzed. The average number of centrioles is, without concentrator, 29.8 ± 2.9, and with concentrator, 182.6 ± 11.5, P &lt;0.0001. The statistical significance was assessed by an unpaired t-test. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58109/58109fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Monoglutamylation process diagram with particle extraction, alignment, masking, and class averaging." class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58109/58109fig4.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1788250015000" data-alt="Figure 4"> 
Figure 4: Single-particle averaging on isolated C. reinhardtii centrioles. (A) This panel shows Z stack images of centrioles stained with GT335 and acquired using a SIM microscope. (B) These panels show a maximal intensity Z projection of the stacked images. Scale bar = 1 µm. (C) These panels show a representative image with an inverted contrast. The inset represents a zoom-in to visualize the centrioles better. (D) These panels show particle picking. The inset indicates how the particles were picked. (E) These are examples of 5 extracted particles. (F) This panel shows the particles after alignment. (G) This panel shows the particles after applying a mask. Panels H and I show two class averages: (H) a top view (63 particles) and (I) a side view (98 particles). The double arrows indicate the dimensions of the GT335 signal. Scale bar = 250 nm. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58109/58109fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Supplementary File 1. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58109/Adaptor_coverslip.stl" target="_blank">Please click here to download this file.</a>
Supplementary File 2. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58109/concentrator.stl" target="_blank">Please click here to download this file.</a>

We have developed a strategy to purify and image a large number of centrioles in different orientations amenable for super-resolution microscopy and single-particle averaging.

Centrioles are large macromolecular assemblies important for the proper execution of fundamental cell biological processes such as cell division, cell ...

isolation-fluorescence-imaging-for-single-particle-reconstruction

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

This article describes a standard method to get a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of biological macromolecules using negative staining electron microscopy (EM). In this protocol, we explain how to get the 3D structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae exosome complex at medium resolution using the random conical tilt reconstruction method (RCT).

Single Particle Electron Microscopy Reconstruction of the Exosome Complex Using the Random Conical Tilt Method

We describe a super-resolution imaging method to probe the structural organization of the bacterial FtsZ-ring, an essential apparatus for cell division.  This method is based on quantitative analyses of photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) images and can be applied to other bacterial cytoskeletal proteins.

Super-resolution Imaging of the Bacterial Division Machinery

A live cell fluorescent protein based method for illuminating cellular vacuoles (inclusions) containing Chlamydia is described. This strategy enables rapid, automated determination of Chlamydia infectivity in samples and can be used to quantitatively investigate inclusion growth dynamics.

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

Here, a novel quantitative fluorescence assay is developed to measure changes in the level of a protein specifically at centrosomes by normalizing that protein’s fluorescence intensity to that of an appropriate internal standard.

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Protocols to investigate the dynamics of chloroplast stromules, the stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of chloroplasts, are described.

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

This protocol explains how to prepare and mount bacterial samples for live three-dimensional imaging and how to reconstruct the three-dimensional shape of E. coli from those images.

Three-dimensional Imaging of Bacterial Cells for Accurate Cellular Representations and Precise Protein Localization

Imaging of bacterial cells is an emerging systems biology approach focused on defining static and dynamic processes that dictate the function of large macromolecular machines. Here, integration of quantitative live cell imaging and cryo-electron tomography is used to study Legionella pneumophila type IV secretion system architecture and functions.

Applying Live Cell Imaging and Cryo-Electron Tomography to Resolve Spatiotemporal Features of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Secretion System

Here, a protocol is presented for optically extracting and cataloging innate cellular fluorescence signatures (i.e., cellular autofluorescence) from every individual live cell distributed in a three-dimensional space. This method is suitable for studying the innate fluorescence signature of diverse biological systems at a single-cell resolution, including cells from bacteria, fungi, yeasts, plants, and animals.

Reconstruction of Single-Cell Innate Fluorescence Signatures by Confocal Microscopy

We present a protocol for implementing interference-reflection microscopy and total-internal-reflection-fluorescence microscopy for the simultaneous imaging of dynamic microtubules and fluorescently labeled microtubule-associated proteins.

Simultaneous Interference Reflection and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy for Imaging Dynamic Microtubules and Associated Proteins

Fission yeast is used here as a heterologous host to express bacterial cytoskeletal proteins such as FtsZ and MreB as translational fusion proteins with GFP to visualize their polymerization. Also, compounds that affect polymerization are identified by imaging using a fluorescence microscope.

Fission Yeast as a Platform for Antibacterial Drug Screens Targeting Bacterial Cytoskeleton Proteins

This workflow enables lamella production targeting fluorescently labeled biological structures that are small (&lt;1 μm in axial extent) and rare (1 copy per cell) using a cryogenic tri-coincident imaging platform. This platform integrates fluorescence microscopy, focused ion beam milling, and scanning electron microscopy at a single focal position and enables simultaneous fluorescence microscopy while milling.

Workflow Using a Cryogenic Coincident Fluorescence, Electron, and Ion Beam Microscope for Targeted Milling of Cells

Learn to isolate and image Chlamydomonas centrioles in multiple orientations for super-resolution microscopy. This method enables precise protein localization within centriole structures for cell biology research.

Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles

Explore More Videos